نارکوتروریسم در آسیای مرکزی، تهدیدهای پیش‌رو و اقدام‌‌‌های جمهوری اسلامی ایران و روسیه برای مقابله با آن

قاچاقچیان مواد مخدر برای رسیدن به منافع ناشی از حمل‌ونقل این کالا در آسیای مرکزی سبب ایجاد مشکلات متعددی برای جمهوری‌های نواستقلال آسیای مرکزی، جمهوری اسلامی ایران و روسیه شده‌‌اند. بیشتر نیروهای تروریستی در آسیای مرکزی از جمله طالبان و برخی گروه‌های افراط‌گرای محلی، با ایجاد شبکۀ انتقال مواد مخدر جایگاه و موقعیت خود را تقویت کرده‌اند و از این راه ضمن جذب نیروهای مورد نظر، به منابع مالی چشمگیری دسترسی پیدا کرده‌اند و سبب ایجاد مشکلات زیادی برای کشورهای این منطقه می‌شوند. در این نوشتار، ضمن بررسی مشکلاتی که قاچاقچیان مواد مخدر برای کشورهای آسیای مرکزی، ایران و روسیه ایجاد کرده‌اند به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، اطلاعات لازم به‌وسیلۀ کتاب، مقاله و منابع اینترنتی جمع‌آوری شده است. پرسش اصلی را این‌گونه مطرح کرده‌ایم که قاچاقچیان مواد مخدر چگونه امنیت کشورهای آسیای مرکزی و به‌تبع آن ایران و روسیه را با خطر جدی روبه‌رو کرده‌اند و ایران و روسیه برای مدیریت این بحران چه راهبردهایی را در پیش گرفته‌اند؟ در پاسخ، این فرضیه را مطرح کردیم که قاچاقچیان مواد مخدر مشکلات اقتصادی، سیاسی و امنیتی را با انجام عملیات‌های تروریستی (نارکوتروریسم) در این منطقه ایجاد کرده‌اند، بنابراین ایران و روسیه برای کنترل این مشکل از راه تقویت مرزهای مشترک با کشورهای آسیای مرکزی و همکاری در ابعاد دوجانبه و چندجانبه و نیز همکاری‌های منطقه‌ای با نهادها و سازمان‌ها و ایجاد قوانین سخت‌گیرانۀ داخلی در پی کاهش مشکلات ایجادشده از راه نارکوتروریسم در آسیای مرکزی هستند.

Narcoterrorism in Central Asia, Leading Threats and Measures taken by the Islamic Republic of Iran and Russia to Deal with it

With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the creation of a power vacuum in the region, as well as the liberation of these countries from the yoke of the Soviet empire, for various reasons that cannot be explained, this region became a favorable ground for religious extremist groups to operate. In the meantime, for various reasons this region has been of special importance for the two countries of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Russia. Iran’s cultural and historical commonalities with Central Asian countries are related to the past. In the past, Iran and Central Asia had a single geographical land. In addition to proximity, ethnic and religious commonalities have led to close ties between Iran and the region. This is why these countries have an adaptive approach to Iranian culture and customs. In general, Central Asia is of special importance for the Islamic Republic of Iran because of its culturalhistorical and economic components, geopolitical features, and finally high position of security and political stability. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia, with a special definition of these areas that were formerly members of the Soviet Union and with the title of being close to them, still claim these areas including Central Asia to be under its influence. Drug traffickers (narcoterrorism) have created many problems for the newly independent republics of Central Asia, the Islamic Republic of Iran, and Russia. To achieve their benefits, they transit these goods in Central Asia. This is because most of the terrorist forces in Central Asia, including the Taliban and some local extremist groups, have strengthened themselves by creating a network of drug transit networks, thus attracting the desired forces, accessing financial resources, and even significant information. There are many problems for the countries of this region. Negatively, the presence of the United States and NATO, as well as Israel’s security investment in the region and ultimately the emergence of extremist religious groups alongside the structural weaknesses of the governments of this region, poverty, corruption, and economic problems in most of these societies, are having their effects on their function as states. Drug traffickers have become an emerging phenomenon of narcoterrorism, prompting two major countries, Iran and Russia, to take action to prevent damages from the aforementioned issues and to protect the security, political, and even social borders. In this article, while examining the problems and difficulties created by drug traffickers for Central Asian countries, Iran and Russia, necessary information is collected through descriptiveanalytical methods through books, articles, and internet resources. The main question is how drug traffickers have seriously endangered the security of Central Asian countries and consequently the Islamic Republic of Iran and Russia, and what strategies Iran and Russia have to take to manage this crisis? Have they adopted a foreign policy for the system? Inspired by the theories of defensive realism, the hypothesis suggests that drug traffickers have created economic, political, and security problems through terrorist operations in the region. Therefore, to control this problem by strengthening common borders with Central Asian countries and cooperating in bilateral and multilateral dimensions, as well as regional cooperation through established institutions and organizations, Iran and Russia seek to reduce the problems created by narcoterrorism in Asia. Russia, through bilateral and multilateral initiatives and institutional measures with the Commonwealth of the Independent States, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and the Islamic Republic of Iran, has adopted strong domestic laws, accompanied by UN programs, has approved domestic programs, and finally institutional measures taken in ECO and Shanghai cooperation organizations all of which have sought to seriously counter narcoterrorism in the region. But it seems that despite the serious and acceptable internal and regional efforts of Iran and Russia and their comprehensive coordination to combat narcoterrorism in the region, these efforts are not enough so there seems to be a long way to go before final success can be achieved. Considering the issues raised above and the threats posed by drug trafficking and narcoterrorism for countries on the transit route for drug trafficking (including Iran and Russia) as well as the target and destination countries of these narcotic drugs (including European countries), the moves were taken to adopt a comprehensive and immediate action to gather the countries of the region and other transregional actors to form a comprehensive and immediate institution are not enough. To combat drug trafficking, regional and transregional organizations can come up with relatively short and immediate solutions. One of the most important regional examples of antitrafficking and drug usage is the European Monitoring Center of drugs and addiction. The center is one of the institutions of the European Union, which aims to provide information and data. It is objective and reliable in terms of drugs and addiction. Another body is the US Commission on the Control of Substance abuse, which seeks to control and monitor drug abuse. Thus, regional, transregional and international institutions can be consolidated in the region and combat narcoterrorism with a new strategy that supports domestic, regional, and global efforts in this respect. These measures can be taken in the presence of all drugproducing countries, the countries which are on the transit routes and target countries for drug trafficking, in the presence of international security agencies, including the Security Council. Otherwise, it seems that despite all these efforts, narcoterrorism will continue to exist in the region.