نقش رویکرد بن‌مایه‌شناسی در تعیین نوع ادبی روایت‌های داستانی (مطالعۀ موردی: داراب نامه، قران حبشی و مسیب نامه)

دانش انواع ادبی از رویکردهای درون‌متنی باسابقه و تاثیرگذاری است که از گذشته برای طبقه‌بندی متون در نظر گرفته می‌شده و دگرگونی‌هایی را نیز تاکنون از سر گذرانده است، امّا پیشینۀ کاربرد نظریّۀ انواع در پژوهش‌های ادبی ایران به یک سده نمی‌رسد و هنوز اطلاق موجّه آن به‌صورت فراگیر در بسیاری از حوزه‌ها و جریان‌های ادبی با ابهام و چالش روبه‌رو بوده است. برای مثال، در طبقه‌بندی روایت‌های داستانی کهن، این پرسش مطرح می‌شود که: بر چه اساس و با چه استدلالی می‌توان نوع ادبی مسلّط در متون یادشده را اثبات کرد؟ فقدان پژوهش و نقد جدّی در پاسخ به این پرسش، سبب شده تا طیّ دهه‌ها، پژوهشگران بدون هیچ روشنگری علمی و روشمندی، داستان‌های کهن فارسی را با توسّل به اصطلاحات ادبی خودساخته، غیرعلمی و بعضاً گنگ معرّفی کنند و این امر در حالی است که اصطلاحات رایج نه‌تنها دلالتی جامع و مانع بر مشخّصات محتوایی و زبانی این گونه روایات ندارند، بلکه گاه حتّی آن‌ها را در تعلیق نوعی نگاه می‌دارند یا دچار هم‌پوشانی چندگانۀ نوعی می‌کنند. از آن‌جایی که یکی از کارکردهای رویکرد بن‌مایه‌شناسی، تعیین نوع ادبی متون است، در پژوهش حاضر تلاش شده تا در پیوند با انواع ارسطویی، از این استعداد بالقوّه که تاکنون از نظرها دور مانده است، بهره برده شود و برای نخستین بار، به روش استقرایی و با تکیه بر جامعۀ آماری بن‌‌مایه‌های متنوّع سه روایت داستانی ابوطاهر طرسوسی، تعلّق نوع ادبی آن‌ها به حماسه اثبات شود.دانش انواع ادبی از رویکردهای درون‌متنی باسابقه و تاثیرگذاری است که از گذشته برای طبقه‌بندی متون در نظر گرفته می‌شده و دگرگونی‌هایی را نیز تاکنون از سر گذرانده است، امّا پیشینۀ کاربرد نظریّۀ انواع در پژوهش‌های ادبی ایران به یک سده نمی‌رسد و هنوز اطلاق موجّه آن به‌صورت فراگیر در بسیاری از حوزه‌ها و جریان‌های ادبی با ابهام و چالش روبه‌رو بوده است. برای مثال، در طبقه‌بندی روایت‌های داستانی کهن، این پرسش مطرح می‌شود که: بر چه اساس و با چه استدلالی می‌توان نوع ادبی مسلّط در متون یادشده را اثبات کرد؟ فقدان پژوهش و نقد جدّی در پاسخ به این پرسش، سبب شده تا طیّ دهه‌ها، پژوهشگران بدون هیچ روشنگری علمی و روشمندی، داستان‌های کهن فارسی را با توسّل به اصطلاحات ادبی خودساخته، غیرعلمی و بعضاً گنگ معرّفی کنند و این امر در حالی است که اصطلاحات رایج نه‌تنها دلالتی جامع و مانع بر مشخّصات محتوایی و زبانی این گونه روایات ندارند، بلکه گاه حتّی آن‌ها را در تعلیق نوعی نگاه می‌دارند یا دچار هم‌پوشانی چندگانۀ نوعی می‌کنند. از آن‌جایی که یکی از کارکردهای رویکرد بن‌مایه‌شناسی، تعیین نوع ادبی متون است، در پژوهش حاضر تلاش شده تا در پیوند با انواع ارسطویی، از این استعداد بالقوّه که تاکنون از نظرها دور مانده است، بهره برده شود و برای نخستین بار، به روش استقرایی و با تکیه بر جامعۀ آماری بن‌‌مایه‌های متنوّع سه روایت داستانی ابوطاهر طرسوسی، تعلّق نوع ادبی آن‌ها به حماسه اثبات شود. 

the role of motif study in determining the literary genre of narratives: based on dārāb-nāmeh, qirān habaši, musayyab-nāmeh

knowledge of literary genres is one of the oldest and most influential intertextual approaches that has been used to classify texts since the past and has been subject to change. but the background of the theory of genres in iran is less than a century, and its justified application in a comprehensive way in many fields and literary trends is still facing ambiguities and challenges. for example, in classifying ancient narratives, the question arises: on what basis and with what considerations can the dominant literary genres in these texts be proved? the lack of serious research and criticism in response to this question has led researchers over the decades to classify ancient persian stories by resorting to self-invented, unscientific literary terms without methodological explanation, while the common terms not only fail to give a comprehensive indication of the content and linguistic characteristics of such narratives, but even keep them in a genre indecision or lead them to several similar genres. since one of the functions of motif study is to determine the literary genre of the texts, the present study has attempted to draw on the aristotelian theory of genres to utilize this potential talent and prove for the first time through the method of inductive reasoning and relying on the statistical community based on the study various motifs of three stories of abu tahir tarsusi that their literary genres belong to the epic.extended abstract 1. introductionprose stories, as one of the oldest currents of persian literature, are voluminous and generally sequential texts (with supplementary appendices) and report on the actions of kings, generals, and warriors who are often in the shadow of history or in a few cases are basically imaginary and are considered to be created by the minds of storytellers.1-1. significance of the study despite their ancient background, the persian prose epics have not yet found a certain place in the history of persian literature from the point of view of literary genres, and in research they are generally presented under vague terms such as story, legend, romance, folktale, fantasy, or romance. the above terms, in the absence of comprehensive information on the content and linguistic characteristics, are unable to determine the parent literary genre or subgenre for the above narratives, and often focus unilaterally on the type of narrative or some elements of the story, and sometimes overlap with other non-homogeneous texts. and they leave the literary genre of the text in limbo. most importantly, researchers have not yet found a methodological and theoretical approach or a logical explanation to justify the use of these terms for the texts in question.1-2. problemthe main problem is how to get beyond the stage of asserting the genre and unrelated literary terms and reach the stage of hypothesizing the definition of literary genre and proving it through in-text investigations. so far, the researchers who have written in the field of criticism of fictional narratives have referred to the literary genre of fictional narratives only with short phrases and self-made titles, but the present research attempts to rely on the frequency of the statistical approach and the representation of the statistical community, the hypothesis of a coherent flow of narratives. prove a story in the literary genre of the epic.1-3. the purpose and methodthe main purpose of the study is on the function of the thematic approach in determining the literary genre of the narrative, using a statistical method. therefore, based on the theory of aristotelian genres and using the thematic approach, the themes mentioned in the three narratives of dārāb-nāmeh, qirān habaši, musayyab-nāmeh were first analyzed in an inductive manner and divided into four sections: epic and ayyāri, lyrical, amazing and dignity. based on the obtained frequency results, the premise of determining their literary type is then proved.1-4. literature reviewalthough studies have been done in the last decade on the subject of literary genre in the form of authorship and translation, the field of research focusing on persian literature has been completely neglected due to the importance of motif in determining the literary genre of the text, and there is no research to support this. 1-5. theoretical basis1-5-1. motifmotif is one of the terms defined by russian formalists to understand the cause-effect relationships of the components of a narrative. motif refers to structural and semantic elements such as actions, events, concepts, and objects that have become exemplary elements through repetition. although it is not considered a fixed part of the narrative, it is a temporary feature that gains importance in a particular narrative situation and usually due to its repetition. besides the central role of subtexts in knowing the cause-effect relationships of the components of the narrative, the most important function of subtexts is to help in the classification and typology of narratives, which has not received much attention so far.1-5-2. literary genresif we are to have a scientific view of literature, we should be able to classify literary works as far as possible, and to place similar kinds of literary works in special classes relatively rather than absolutely. after all, the most important characteristic of science is that it can classify; this task is accomplished in literary studies by the approach of literary genres. motif is considered one of the main characteristics of literary genres, and its role in this field has not received much attention so far. a literary genre is characterized by a set of features and formal structures that occur in an orderly, cohesive, and simultaneous manner, and motif is one of the most important features mentioned.1-6. the casesince abu taher tarsusi is considered the most prominent narrator in the field of ancient persian prose narratives and a considerable number of authentic fictional texts are also attributed to him, motif analysis was given preference in determining the literary text type on the basis of the three selected narratives by tarsusi, which are briefly presented below.1-6-1. abu taher tarsusiabu taher tarsusi was born at the beginning of the second half of the fifth century of the hijri (450 ah) and the last period of his life coincided with the end of the first decade of the second half of the sixth century of the hijri (560 ah). his works include dārāb-nāmeh, qirān habaši, musayyab-nāmeh, abu muslim-nāmeh, qahramān-nāmeh, farāmarz-nāmeh, houšang-nāmeh, ayyār-nāmeh, tavārikh-nāmeh.