گذار از نیهیلیسم منفعل در شعر مهدی اخوان‌ثالث

گذار نیهیلیستی در شعر اخوان مسئلۀ اصلی این پژوهش است. شعر اخوان با داشتن جان مایه های فلسفیِ مدرن، دربردارندۀ معانی ژرفی است که آن را درخور تحلیل هایی فراتر از مرز معمول می کند. یکی از بارزترین این معانی دیالکتیک امید و ناامیدی است. آشنایی اخوان با اندیشه‌های جریان‌ساز عصر مدرن اروپا، ازجمله اندیشه های فلسفی فریدریش نیچه، نگارندگان را برآن داشت تا در تحلیل این دیالکتیک، گرایش های گذار نیهیلیستی شعر او را در رهیافت »گذر از نیهیلیسم منفعل به نیهیلیسم فعال « نیچه ای بررسی کنند. این واکاوی نشان می دهد اندیشۀ شعری اخوان در این مقوله به‌طرزی شگفت بازتاب شیوه هایی از رهیافت گذار نیهیلیسم نیچه ای، همچون انکار گرایش متافیزیکی و تکیه بر ارادۀ انسانی، نگره های اخلاقی، صیرورت، عدم جزمیت و بازگشت جاودان است که راه آفرینش ابرانسان و تصدیق همه جانبۀ زندگی است. براساس یافته‌های پژوهش، شعر اخوان اگرچه ابتدا بازتاب گونه ای نیست‌انگاریِ منفعل به‌نظر می‌رسد، در تحلیلی ژرف تر معلوم می گردد که اشعار او از ویژگی‌های فرمی و معنایی خاصی برخوردارند که عاطفۀ یاس و اندیشۀ نیهیلیستی را از چشم اندازی منفعل به ساحتی فعال می‌کشاند تا مخاطب نکته سنج آن را از جریان گذاری نیهیلیستی درمقابل جمودِ یاسی ساکن آگاه سازد. روش تحقیق کیفی و رویکرد ناظر بر تحلیل‌ها رویکرد نقد فلسفی از گونۀ فلسفۀ غیرمفهومی و گاهی رویکرد توصیفی با تکیه بر گزاره‌های شاعرانۀ آن دو است.

A Transition from Passive Nihilism in Akhavan’s Poetry

The nihilistic transition in Akhavanchr('39')s poetry is the main focus of this research. Akhavanchr('39')s poetry, with its modern philosophical background, contains profound meanings that make it worthy of analysis beyond the ordinary. One of the most obvious of these meanings is the dialectic of hope and despair. Akhavanchr('39')s acquaintance with the ideas of modern Europe, like for instance, the philosophical ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche, led us to analyze the tendencies of the nihilistic transition of his poetry considering Nietzschechr('39')s transition from passive nihilism to active nihilism rdquo;. Upon analysis it became clear that Akhavanchr('39')s poetic thought reflects Nietzschean nihilism, as it can be traced in his views such as denying the metaphysical tendency and relying on the human will of elitism, specific views of morality, becoming, and also eternal return, considered as the way to create the superman. Thus, the results of the research showed that Akhavanchr('39')s poetry, seemingly is a reflection of a kind of passive imagery. However, with a closer look, it became clear that his poems have specific formal and semantic features based on which the emotion of despair and nihilistic thought became active rather than being passive. The method of the current study was qualitative and the approach to analysis was a philosophical critique approach and it also adopted a descriptive approach.Introduction One of the dominant themes of contemporary Persian poetry is the dialectic of hope and despair , which, above all, is the result of the sociopolitical factors of the age, which sometimes lead to specific philosophical insights. One of the contemporary poets of Persian is Mehdi Akhavan Sales, whose poetry is often associated with sociopolitical themes, but after a while, his political grief and national ideal moved towards philosophical grief and a genuine human ideal which by taking ontological questions, finally confronts his poetry with a nihilistic vision. Part of this insight is the result of the Akhavanchr('39')s acquaintance with the philosophical ideas of Nietzsche (18441900) (see: Akhavan Sales, 1981: 146145; Akhavan Sales, 1990: 337, 89, 40). In this regard, Nietzsche seeks to unload human knowledge from mere rationalism and replace it with emotions and feelings. He spoke in the language of life and comprehensively acknowledged life through ldquo;the will to power and the belief in becoming and eternal return in order to reevaluate the values ​ of the superhuman. Like Nietzsche, Akhavan separates his path from its contemporaries.Theoretical Background Asadollahi and Fathi (2020), in an article, examining the types of Nietzschean nihilism in Forough Farrokhzadchr('39')s poetry and analyzing the tendencies of his poetry, have acknowledged life in its specific nihilistic transition. The difference between this research and the present article expresses the different poetic thought and behavior of contemporary Persian poets with a desperate context and the nihilistic culture of their time. Mousavi and Homayoun (2009) have also investigated Nietzschechr('39')s passive absurdity in the Blind Owl. Given the theoretical foundations of Nietzschean nihilism, the authors have shown that the narrator in this work, despite much effort, is finally unable to free himself from passive nihilism and to change to active nihilism unlike Zoroaster Nietzsche.Objectives and Questions The main objective of the current study is denying the continuity of absolute passive nihilism and proving the organic flow of general nihilism in Akhavanchr('39')s poetry which, like Nietzschechr('39')s system of nihilism, begins with passive nihilism but ends with active nihilism. We call this approach the nihilistic transition in Akhavanchr('39')s poetry. Therefore, this article intends to answer the following question: What are the methods or tendencies of Akhavanchr('39')s poetry in acknowledging life in the approach of Nietzschean nihilism and how do they manifest themselves?Analysis and DiscussionIn general, denial and despair are the major themes in Akhavan rsquo;s poetry. However, one can also detect a stability in his thoughts. Both of these contradicting views shape his worldview (Mokhtari, 2000: 458 459). Thus, although in most of Akhavanchr('39')s poems a concept of futility can be seen, he also embraces life:Whatever you want to do, you know yourself / if it is useless, or whatever it is, how many and why, / this is and there is no other./ Death says: Hmm! How useless! / Life says: But you have to live again, / you have to live, / you have to live! ... . rdquo; (Akhavan, 1991: 178)In summary, the transition from passive nihilism to active one can be traced in these themes: Akhavanchr('39')s poetic thought and style in dealing with metaphysics, the metaphorical truth in the Akhavanchr('39')s view on destiny, and the manifestations of becoming and eternal return in his poetry. References Akhavan Sales, Mehdi (1981). From this Avesta, fifth edition, Tehran: Morvarid.Akhavan Sales, Mehdi (1990). Innovations and the gift and meeting of Nima Yoshij, second edition, Tehran: Bozorgmehr.Akhavan Sales, Mehdi (1991). In the small autumn yard in prison; Life says but you have to live ..; Hell but cold, Tehran: Bozorgmehr.Assadollahi, Khodabakhsh and Chiman Fathi (2020). Comparative analysis of Forough Farrokhzadchr('39')s poetry and Nietzschean nihilism . Research of contemporary literature of world. No.1.pp. 2960.Mokhtari, Mohammad (2000). Man in Contemporary Poetry or Understanding the Presence of the Other, Tehran: Toos.Mousavi, Seyed Kazem and Fatemeh Homayoun (2009). Passive nonsense in the blind owl. Journal of Literary Criticism. No. 8. pp. 111139.