شیوه‌های نوآوری در مناظره‌های شعر نیمایی

مناظره، اسلوبی بیانی است که پیشینه‌ی آن به ایران پیش از اسلام برمی‎‎ گردد. شاعران هر دوره برای دستیابی به اهدافی که با توجه به ذوق و قریحه‌ی شاعران و جهان بینی رایج در آن دوره تغییریافته، مناظره سرایی کرده اند. فضای فکری، اجتماعی و سیاسی حاکم بر جامعه‌ی معاصر، تحولات گسترده ای در مناظره سرایی ایجاد کرده است؛ ازاین‌رو نگارندگان با رویکرد توصیفی - تحلیلی و پاسخ به این پرسش های بنیادی که مناظره های نیمایی فارسی با مناظره های سنتی چه تفاوت هایی دارند و این نوآوری ها در چه عواملی ریشه دارد؟ استنتاج می کنند: برخلاف مناظره های سنتی که همواره از دوطرفِ حقِّ مطلق و باطل مطلق تشکیل شده اند و یکی از طرفین قدرتمندانه پیروز می شود و طرف مقابل به شدت شکست می خورد، در مناظره‎های نیمایی اغلب طرفین مناظره به یکدیگر کمک می کنند تا هردو به حقیقت نزدیک شوند. شاعران معاصر در قالب و فرمی‎‎ نو که حاصل آزادی بیان در آفرینش هنری است، فضایی تعاملی ایجاد می کنند و در این فضای تعاملی به گفت‌وگو‎های دونفره، چندنفره یا خودگویی و حدیث نفس می پردازند و با بهره‎گیری از شخصیت های نمادین، کارناوال و آشتی دادن عناصر متضاد در فضای مکالمه ای به نقد اجتماعی می پردازند و به‌طورمعمول با بهره گیری از گزاره‎های خطابی، فضایی چندصدا می آفرینند.

Innovation in Persian Nimaee Poetry Debates

Background and purpose of the researchSome works have been published about debate in Persian poetry; Among them, the following can be mentioned: In the dissertations of Parvin Seyyed Almasi (2010) as &Study of the structure and content of Parvin E’tesami’s debates& and Ismail Sharifi (2012) as &Comparison of debate technique in two styles Khorasani and Iraqi Mehdi Rahimi (1996) in his treatise entitled &Debate in Persian poetry (from the beginning to Parvin E’tesami)&. Narges MohammadiBadr and Hashem Mehdizadeh (2016) in the article &Reflections on the evolution of the debate from the Assyrian tree to Nimaee poems Ali Akbar Amini (2002) in his article &Dialogue in Contemporary Iranian Poetry Mohammad Reza Roozbeh (2013) in the article &Shafi’ei’s innovations in the field of debate& and Reza ZarrinKemar (2017) in the article &From Debate to Conversation: The Impact of Coup d’etat of 28 August on polyphony in contemporary poetry based on two poems by AkhavanSales and the Hushange  Ebtehaj» ; Vida Sabzevari Beidakhti et al. (2021) in the article &Study of reasoning method in Parvin E’tesami’s debates based on Toliman’s theory But no one of them has dealt with innovative ways of  Nimaee debating; However, considering the importance of political and social developments and their direct and indirect impact on the literary works of each period and the place of dialogue and debate in the world and life today, it is necessary to study this issue and discover new ways of debate in contemporary poets. DiscussionContemporary debates, influenced by political and social circumstances, are often written in the form of dialogue. The purpose of the parties to the debate is to weaken and destroy each other; But the purpose of the conversation is to clarify the issue and reach a common ground and accept each other.Start with a question; Existence of rhetorical propositions; Enjoyment of freedom and authority; Intertextual connections with myths and multifaceted actions are components of dialogue that are all seen in contemporary debates. Form of poetry; The role of the poet in poetic narratives; Use of monologue (poet’s conversation with himself); Existence of multilateral dialogue; The use of the carnival style and the use of the grotesque are some of the innovations in Nimaee debates that are not found in traditional debates.In traditional debates, the reader pays attention to the text only from the point of view of the poet or narrator; While new debate shows its emotions, it leaves the judgment to the audience; then, in contemporary debates, we are confronted with a kind of hidden narrator who remains silent in order to events to manifest themselves through inner monologue, polyphony, and dialogue. Belonging to the personal world and paying attention to individual feelings draws the poet to the selftalk, and the poet’s “you” and “me” is expressed in social pains and the collective &me and you&. Traditional debates had lyrical, romantic, and educational content and ignored the social structure of their society; While the contemporary poet, in addition to believing in the connection between the individual and society and their interaction, even pays attention to philosophical concepts.Ancient debates are mostly twosided; But Contemporary debates are sometimes three or foursided. Nimaee debate moves from a state of bilateral conflict to a multivoiced space with the expansion of the characters present in the poem.Multilateral dialogue can lead to the application of the carnival and grotesque methods of Bakhtin in contemporary debates. The concepts and values ​​that govern society are challenged through the use of carnival and tools such as criticism, satire, irony and ridicule.The components of determining grotesque instances are imperfection and metamorphosis; Exaggeration; It is also called the &grotesque body &, a mixture of conflicting emotions and the human body and related concepts. Contemporary debate uses symbolic character and language, and aesthetic techniques. The atmosphere of ancient debates is based on confrontation and its argument is based on controversy; but Nimaee debates are based on interaction and dialogue. ConclusionNimaee debates have been written in a new form and structure and express the social and political themes and problems of modern man. Most conversations begin with rhetorical questions and statements that require an audience. The audience is not always a specific person; Rather, it can be the poet’s personal or social self. In new debates, dialogue is based on freedom and authority, and neither side is superior to the other; Hence they interact with each other.The poet is usually active in the field of poetry and is not the only narrator. In most cases, debates are formed with the presence of different characters in a narrative atmosphere and create a multivoiced world. Belonging to the personal world and paying attention to individual feelings sometimes leads the poet to debate in the selftalk.Using the symbolic element, the poet creates symbolic characters and leads the reader to the realm of the multiplicity of poetic meanings and concepts. By creating a carnival atmosphere, he criticizes the political and social situation. The disruption of the values ​​that govern society creates multivoiced societies with diverse discourses.