تاثیر قارچ‌های اندوفیت serendipita indica و colletotrichum tofieldiae بر رشد و صفات مورفوفیزیولوژیک گیاه گوجه‌فرنگی در غلظت‌های مختلف فسفات در سیستم هیدروپونیک

این آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کامل تصادفی و با هدف بررسی اثر تلقیح قارچ‌های اندوفیت serendipita indica وcolletotrichum tofieldiae بر صفات مورفوفیزیولوژیک گیاه گوجه‌فرنگی در شرایط فسفر کم و در سیستم کشت هیدروپونیک انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل تلقیح با قارچ (تلقیح‌ نشده، تلقیح‌شده با قارچ s.indica و تلقیح‌شده با قارچ c.tofieldiae) و سطوح مختلف فسفر (غلظت 1.25 میلی‌مولار و 10 میکرومولار مونو پتاسیم فسفات) هستند. نتایج نشان داد تلقیح با قارچ‌های اندوفیت سبب افزایش معنی‌دار صفات وزن‌ تر و خشک اندام هوایی و ریشه، کلروفیل کل، کاروتنوئید، قند کل، پروتئین و نیتروژن شد. همچنین اثر تلقیح با این قارچ‌ها منجر به کاهش میزان آنتوسیانین در شرایط فسفر کم شد. آثار متقابل تلقیح با قارچ‌های s. indica و c. tofieldiae و کمبود فسفر بر میزان نیتروژن و فسفر ریشه معنی‌دار شد و سبب افزایش میزان این عناصر شد. در پژوهش حاضر، کمبود فسفر به‌طور معنی‌داری وزن‌تر و خشک اندام هوایی، کلروفیل کل، نیتروژن و فسفر اندام هوایی را کاهش داد و بر میزان وزن‌ خشک ریشه، آنتوسیانین، قند کل و پروتئین اثر افزایشی داشت. نتایج نشان داد گیاهان تلقیح‌شده با قارچ‌های s. indica و c. tofieldiae از رشد و عملکرد بهتری در شرایط کمبود فسفر برخوردار بودند و علائم تنش فسفر در آن‌ها کاهش یافته بود. در مجموع، نتایج بر نقش موثر این قارچ‌ها بر بهبود رشد گوجه‌فرنگی تحت شرایط کمبود شدید فسفر دلالت داشت.

effects of endophytic fungi, serendipita indica and colletotrichum tofieldiae on the growth and morphophysiological traits of tomato plants at different phosphate concentrations in a hydroponic system

this study explored the effects of inoculating tomato plants with the endophytic fungi serendipita indica and colletotrichum tofieldiae on their morphophysiological traits under low phosphorus conditions in a hydroponic system, using a completely randomized factorial design. treatments included fungal inoculation (non-inoculated, s. indica-inoculated, and c. tofieldiae-inoculated) and phosphorus levels (1.25 mm and 10 μm monopotassium phosphate). inoculation with these fungi markedly increased shoot and root fresh and dry weights, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, total sugar, protein, and nitrogen content, while reducing anthocyanin levels under phosphorus deficiency. the interaction between fungal inoculation and low phosphorus significantly boosted root nitrogen and phosphorus content. phosphorus deficiency alone reduced shoot fresh and dry weights, total chlorophyll, nitrogen, and phosphorus, but increased root dry weight, anthocyanin, total sugar, and protein. plants inoculated with s. indica and c. tofieldiae showed improved growth and reduced phosphorus stress symptoms. these findings underscore the critical role of these fungi in enhancing tomato performance under severe phosphorus deficiency.  introductionphosphorus is one of the three major nutrients, along with nitrogen and potassium. it is critical in nucleic acids, phospholipids, proteins, nadph, and atp. although phosphorus is abundant in many natural soils, the form that plants utilize, specifically, inorganic orthophosphate (pi), is insoluble and diffuses slowly in the soil. this leads to phosphorus deficiency, negatively affecting plant performance, root development, metabolism, and overall yield. numerous rhizosphere microorganisms form mutualistic relationships with plants, significantly enhancing nutrient uptake from the soil. the ability of endophytes to enhance plant growth and fitness highlights their potential as an eco-friendly strategy for improving drought stress tolerance and mitigating the effects of phosphorus deficiency. therefore, for the first time, we investigate and compare the effects of two endophytic fungi, serendipita indica, and colletotrichum tofieldiae, on the growth and various morphophysiological factors of tomato, a key horticultural plant, in an aeroponic system. materials and methodsthis experiment was conducted in a completely randomized factorial design to investigate the effect of inoculation with the model endophytic fungi, s. indica and c. tofieldiae, on the morphophysiological traits of tomato plants under low phosphorus conditions in a hydroponic system in the research greenhouse of malayer university. the treatments included fungal inoculation (non-inoculated, inoculated with s. indica, and inoculated with c. tofieldiae) and different phosphorus levels (1.25 mm and 10 µm mono potassium phosphate). uniformly germinated seeds were selected and split into three groups for fungal inoculation. two groups were inoculated with a spore solution of endophytic fungi, and the control group was treated with a water-tween solution. after a few days, the inoculated and non-inoculated seedlings were placed in pots containing hoagland’s medium with 10 µm and 1.25 mm mono potassium phosphate. four weeks after applying the different phosphate concentrations, samples were taken from the aerial parts, and traits such as dry weight of shoots and roots, photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugar, phosphorus, nitrogen, protein, and anthocyanin were measured. results and discussionthe results showed that inoculation with these endophytic fungi significantly increased traits such as fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, total sugar, protein, and nitrogen.  fungi seem to play an effective role in preserving and stabilizing photosynthesis by influencing the proteins involved in the photosynthesis process and the calvin cycle, thereby increasing their expression (ghabooli & kaboosi, 2022). additionally, inoculation with these fungi decreased the anthocyanin content under low phosphorus conditions. the interaction effects of inoculation with s. indica and c. tofieldiae and phosphorus deficiency on root nitrogen and phosphorus content were markedly, increasing these elements. endophytic fungi increase the amount of phosphate and the growth of arabidopsis plants under low phosphate conditions, indicating the fungi’s ability to dissolve insoluble phosphate forms (hiruma et al., 2016). in the present study, phosphorus deficiency significantly reduced the fresh and dry weight of shoots, total chlorophyll, nitrogen, and phosphorus in shoots. at the same time, it increased root dry weight, anthocyanin, total sugar, and protein content. an insufficient amount of phosphorus causes a decrease in the production of rna and, as a result, a decrease in the synthesis of proteins, including photosynthetic proteins. in addition, phosphate deficiency can lead to changes in the partitioning of carbohydrates in the plant, resulting in higher levels of sugars being transported and stored in the fruit (hiruma et al., 2016). conclusionthe results indicated that plants inoculated with s. indica and c. tofieldiae exhibited better growth and performance under phosphorus deficiency conditions, with reduced symptoms of phosphorus stress. overall, the results highlighted the influential role of these fungi in improving tomato growth under severe phosphorus deficiency conditions.