تحلیل کارکردهای اجتماعی آیین‌‌ها و جشن‌‌ها در شاهنامه بر اساس نظریۀ امیل دورکیم

در فرهنگ ایران زمین، آیین ها و جشن ها، فعالیت های نمادین، متعارف و مرسومی هستند که در اشکال، اهداف و زمان های خاصی برگزار می شود. برخی از این آیین ها، جشن ها و مناسک مربوط به آنها در شاهنامه فردوسی بازتاب داده شده اند که بیانگر قاعده بندی فعالیت های جمعی و آهنگ تکرار این فعالیت ها است که جامعه و فرهنگ ایرانی خود را در آن بازتولید می کند. در این پژوهش به تحلیل کارکرد اجتماعی آیین های پذیره مهمان یا مسافر، سوگواری، بارخواهی و جشن های سده، نوروز و مهرگان همراه با تحلیل بن مایه های اسطوره ای آن‌ها می پردازیم. این پژوهش به شکل بنیادی، بر پایة مطالعات کتابخانه ای و به روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی انجام ‌شده است. پس از تحلیل داده ها و یاری گرفتن از منابع گوناگون، می توان گفت آیین ها، جشن ها و مناسک مربوط به آن‌ها، به تثبیت جامعه و به‌نوعی بازسازی اخلاقی مثبت کمک می کنند و کارکردی اجتماعی وحدت آفرین در جامعه دارند؛ بنابراین وجود جشن ها و آیین ها با انجام فعالیت های نمادین، همواره سبب تقویت همبستگی، اتحاد مردم (در صورت های آشکار و پنهان)، افزایش اقتدار و مشروعیت، بازتولید جامعه، هویت ایرانی و حفظ فرهنگ ایرانی می شود و به همین دلیل است که چنین آیین ها و جشن هایی هر ساله انجام می شوند.

the analysis of the social functions of rituals and celebrations in shahnameh

extended abstractintroductionin iran’s culture, there are symbolic and conventionalised rituals and celebrations that are held in various forms and times with different objectives. some of these rituals and their related festivals are widely reflected in the shahnameh. these festivals are the expressive of the mass regulations and the frequency of these practices that provide a framework for the iranian society and culture to reproduces itself in it. in this paper, we shall be concerned with social functions of guest-accepting, mourning, festivals like barkhahi, sade, norouz and mehrgan based on the theory of emile durkheim along with analysing their mythical themes. the research questions include:what are the underlying rationales lying behind holding and preserving festivals in the iranian culture and their reflection in shahnamehh? what are the social functions of these festivals? do these functions still continue to exist in today’s society?literature review:there is a huge burden of various scholarly works on shahnameh. some of these works, in one way or another, are related to the present problem as it follows:fazeli, m. t and pourbakhtiyar, g. (2016). analysing the mourning rituals in the shahnameh and its comparison with the very rituals amongst bakhtiyari lor and kokhak lor tribes. quarterly journal of social sciences, 10 (13), 121-144. in this paper, the authors concluded that there is quite a number of commonalities between the mourning rituals in the shahnameh and the luri-speaking people such as cutting hair, besprinkling dust on the head, tearing off the collar, and etc.modaberri, m. and alinejad, m. (2013). guest-accepting rituals in the shahnameh. journal of letters and language, 16 (34), 283-309. it is concluded that accepting ritual amongst the iranian is reflected in the shahnameh and includes the processes such as greeting the passenger and etc.aghakhani, b., toghyani, i., mohammadi-fesharaki, m. (2018). sacrificing ritual in the shahnameh (the tale of rostam, esfandiyar and siyavash). journal of culture and folk literature, 6(20), 1-21. in this study, the authors concluded that there are no indications denoting sacrificing and the mentioned points refer to nullifying the calamity with blood.ishragi, h. (1376). the shahnameh from the perspective of national solidarity. art and people, 153-154, pp. 74-85. the author argues that the shahnameh has always been a unitising factor amongst the iranian people due to its attempts to preserve the persian language and culture and represent national myths.these studies have concentrated upon cultural elements in the shahnameh but they have not dealt with the social functions of rituals and festivals based on durkheim’s theory. the present study seeks to identify and investigate the social functions of rituals and festivals in the shahnameh according to emile durkheim’s theory.methodconcerning the objectives, the present study is a fundamental-theoretic one. as far as data collection is concerned, the data are grounded upon library resources that are analysed based on qualitative content analysis. the researcher has collected the required data about the analysis of social functions of certain rituals and festivals based on durkheim’s theory along with the analysis of mythical themes from different library resources. the data collection tools include note-taking and wave-like reading (see sadegi-fasayi and irfan-manesh, (2016) in regard to the social functions of rituals and festivals in the shahnameh. in the research methodology, the qualitative content can be considered as a research method to interpret the data in terms of the subjective-content method using systematic categorising procedures and designing well-known patterns (iman, 2009, p. 172).