«خردگویه» زیرگونه ای در ادبیات تعلیمی

«خردگویه»، زیرگونه ای در ادبیات تعلیمی است که نخستین بار کنفسیوس آن را برای آموزشِ خردجویانی که نزد او می آمدند و پرسش هایی را مطرح می کردند، به کار برده است. این گونه سخنان وقتی در متون ادبی نقل و روایت می شود ذکاوت و ارجحیت گوینده را نسبت به دیگران نشان می دهد و وجود چنین افرادی در فرهنگ های مختلف نمایانگر حوزه ای از تفکر و عقلانیت است که برای سایر مردم، موهبتی آسمانی تلقی می شود. ترجمۀ عنوانِ چینی کتاب کنفسیوس، lunyu در زبان انگلیسی به analects به‌درستی نمایانگر ساختار و محتوای کتاب کنفسیوس نبوده و برگردانِ آن در زبان فارسی به «مکالمات» نیز سبب شده که این گونۀ ادبی، با گفت وگو (دیالوگ) که مبتنی بر ارتباطی دوسویه است، یکی شمرده شود. خردگویه دارای مولفه ‌هایی است که آن را از پندنامه و زیرگونه های دیگری مانند خطابه و امالی متمایز می کند. در مقالۀ حاضر مبحث ترجمۀ واژۀ lunyu و ویژگی های ساختاری و محتوایی خردگویه همراه با نمونه هایی از منطق‌الطیر عطار و فیه ما فیه مولانا بررسی و همچنین وجوه تمایز خردگویه با پندنامه، خطابه و امالی شرح و تبیین شده است.

Kherad-Guye, A Subgenre in Didactic Literature

Extended Abstract;;Introduction;;In literary texts, there is a kind of communication in which a wise man, urged by an interlocutor, begins to teach but the latter remains a just listener and does not impress either what the former communicates or the conclusion of his teachings. On characteristics of this kind of communication, labeled kheradguye by the authors, there is no survey in the field of literary studies as well as other scientific ones; therefore its difference with other kinds of communication, including dialogue, address (Khetabeh), Pandnameh and Amaali remains obscure yet. The term kheradguye is taken from Confucius to communicate the wisdomseeker. Attempts will be made to deal with the structure as well as the content of this literary genre in some Persian literary texts and to make clear its difference with other types of didactic literary works.;;Review of Literature;;This research focuses on a critical and subjectoriented approach to the translation of the term Lunyu (Confucius apos;s KheradGuye), known in English as “Analects”, and in Persian as “Mokalemat” (conversations), because these terms do not properly represent the structure and content of the book of Confucius. Therefore, based on Aristotle apos;s philosophicalethical theory in Nicomachean apos;s treatise on ethics and Miskawayh apos;s view on Tahzib AlAkhlagh and the analysis of literary evidence, the authors have chosen a suitable equivalent for this literary subgenre in Persian. Using the Kherad Guye makes it impossible for dialogue, speech (Khetabeh), Pandnameh and Amaali and, therefore, adds a new subgenre to didactic literature.;;Method;;This is a descriptiveanalytic study based on content analysis. Based on data collected from Persian literature and Confucius apos; works, the authors investigated the KheradGuye elements and their differences with other similar subgenres.;;Results and Discussion;;The KheradGuye are for a particular type of communication that Confucius first used to train rationalists. Confucius (479551 BC) was the first philosopher to present systematic views on the values, goals, and methods of education.;The Analects is Confucius apos;s collection of speeches that have been known as the main source of direct quotations for the past thousand years. Following his death in 479 BC, Confucius apos;s followers compiled a text describing Confucius apos;s thoughts (Rainey, 2010). In his Analects, Confucius teaches political and ethical virtues to wisdomseekers and tells them what the good government and the ethically good are. Thus, in terms of content, his remarks are in the didactic literature and are the first example of the “KheradGuye”, but in translating the Chinese title of his remarks into “Lunyu”, it has not been meticulously accurate and has confused it with dialogue.;In fact, in the translation of Confucius apos;s work into English, the Analects does not properly represent the concept of Lunyu in Chinese, but merely represent the selection and compilation of his words. In other words, because Confucius apos;s words have been chosen by his followers over the years, they are called analects in English. Also, translating analects in Persian into “literary anthology” or “Mokalemat” (conversations), in Farsi does not indicate the meaning and structure of this kind of speech. The literary anthology has the general meaning of Confucius apos;s words and can be applied to any literary work,and the conversation or dialogue are structurally incompatible with this kind as the dialogue is always between a speaker and an interlocutor while there is no interlocutor in Confucius apos; as well as in many works by other teachers of wisdom.;In Persian, the word “KheradGuye” is a compound word. “If two or more independent words that each have a specific meaning are mixed to form a new word which has a new and independent meaning, it will be called a compound word” (Khanlari, 1987). Guye means to say (Sokhan Dictionary, 2008), along with the word “Kherad”, which can also be understood as wisdom, represents wise speech and the teaching of wisdom and shows the unilateral structure of this kind of communication and its rational scope.;;Conclusion;;Some of the words in the didactic literature are quoted from unorthodox master. This kind of speech has certain components that a text, if any, does not fall into this category: 1. Being a wise speaker; 2. To quote wise words for moral education; 3. Nonpromotion of a particular religion; 4. To go to the wise listener to know something; 5. Unorthodox education; 6. Communication lacking any rational dialogue.;KheradGuye is the author apos;s suggested term for this kind of speech that can correctly represent the unilateral structure of this literary subgenre and its rational scope and is a good equivalent of the word “Lunyu”, the title of the book of Confucius and it is the first type of KheradGuye. KheradGuye differs from conversation and rhetoric in terms of the type of relationship, the position of the speaker and the listener, and the terms and conditions of the relationship that were examined in the article.