شناسایی ابزارهای مدیریت ریسک در مزارع پرورش ماهی قزل‌آلا و تاثیر آن بر کارایی فنی مزارع در شهرستان ماهنشان

زمینه مطالعاتی: عدم قطعیت و ریسک در زیر بخش آبزی‌پروری همانند سایر زیر بخش‌های کشاورزی به خاطر شرایط نامساعد آب و هوایی، شیوع بیماری‌ها و نوسانات قیمت شکل می‌گیرد. طبیعتاً به واسطه وجود عوامل غیرقابل کنترل و ریسک انتظار می‌رود کارایی واحدهای تولیدی نیز تنزل پیدا ‌کند. هدف: هدف از این مطالعه شناسایی ابزارهای مدیریت ریسک بکارگرفته شده در مزارع پرورش ماهی قزل‌آلا و اثر این ابزارها بر کارایی فنی مزارع در شهرستان ماهنشان می باشد. روش کار: در این مطالعه، ابزارهای مدیریت ریسک در مزارع پرورش ماهی در قالب دو دسته؛ راهبرد مدیریت ریسک درون‌مزرعه‌ایی و برون‌مزرعه‌ایی مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت و تابع ناکارایی فنی مزارع نیز از طریق تابع تولید مرزی تصادفی برآورد شد. داده‌های مورد نیاز به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی طبقه‌بندی متناسب در سال 1399 به دست آمد. نتایج: نتایج نشان داد که پرورش‌دهندگان از بین راهبردهای مدیریت ریسک درون‌مزرعه‌ایی، بیشتر ابزار انتخاب تکنولوژی با ریسک کمتر و از بین راهبردهای مدیریت ریسک برون‌مزرعه‌ایی، بیشتر ابزار تامین مالی را مورد استفاده قرار می‌دهند. نتایج برآورد تابع ناکارایی فنی نشان داد که افزایش سن، تعداد دوره‌های آموزشی و پرورش ماهی به عنوان شغل اصلی، کارایی فنی مزارع را افزایش داده و با افزایش تعداد استخرها، کارایی فنی کاهش می‌یابد. همچنین ملاحظه شد که ابزار مدیریت ریسک انتخاب تکنولوژی با ریسک کمتر اثر منفی و ابزارهای انعطاف‌پذیری و استفاده از قراردادهای بازاریابی اثر مثبتی بر کارایی فنی پرورش‌دهندگان دارند و به موازات افزایش استفاده از این ابزارها، کارایی فنی مزارع نیز افزایش می‌یابد. یافته‌های تحقیق موید آن است که حدود 50 درصد از مزارع دارای کارایی بیش از 90 درصد بوده و مزارع با مساحت استخر 1500 1000 مترمربع با 89 درصد کارایی، دارای بیشترین میزان کارایی فنی می‌باشند. نتیجه‌گیری نهایی: نتایج موید آن است که پروش‌دهندگان ماهی بیشتر از ابزارهای کاهش ریسک در مزارع خود استفاده می کنند تا از روش‌های انتقال ریسک به سایرین و این امر نیز باعث کاهش کارایی فنی آنها می‌شود. لذا توصیه می‌شود با توجه به پیشرفت فناوری‌های تولیدی جدید، بسترهای لازم برای بهره‌مندی از این فناوری‌ها که ممکن است با ریسک بالایی همراه باشد، فراهم شود.

identify risk management tools in fish farms and their effect on the technical efficiency in mahneshan county

introduction: among agricultural activities, aquaculture has shown the highest growth among food production sources in the last two decades. according to the f.a.o., aquaculture is the best supply of the maximum motivation for poverty alleviation. uncertainty and risk in the aquaculture subsector, like other agricultural subsectors, are formed due to unfavorable weather conditions, the prevalence of diseases, and price fluctuations. naturally, due to uncontrollable factors and risks, the efficiency of production units is expected to decline. identifying sources of these risk in aquaculture activities is one of the key points for risk management. it is clear that risk can never be eliminated, but it can be managed by identification. zanjan province is one of the major fish farming regions of the country and among them is the city of mahneshan which accounts for about 65% of the total fish production of this province.materials and methods: the purpose of this study is to the identification of risk management tools in fish farms and their effect on the technical efficiency of these farms in mahneshan county. to this end, the stochastic frontier production function was applied and the required data were collected by surveying a questionnaire by stratified proportional random sampling from salmon farms in three zone including central, angoran, and oryad in mahneshan county in 2020. in general, risk management strategies in the agriculture sector were divided into two categories: in farm risk management strategy and off farm risk management strategy. these two categories are classified into 8 risk management tools and then measured by the likert spectrum. the cobb douglas functional form was selected to estimate the stochastic frontier production function.results and discussion: the results showed that among the in farm risk management strategies, the selection technology with less risk tool is the most popular and the tool of the financing method is very common in the off farm risk management strategies. in address to the comparison between in farm and off farm’s risk management strategies, the fish farmers are more likely to use in farm risk management strategies. the estimated results of the cobb douglas production function showed that the total area of pools, number of baby fish, labor, and feed cost, floating usage, and aerator usage have a significant effect on fish production. according to the results, if the total pools area increases by one percentage, the frontier fish production will increase by 0.06 percentages, and if the number of baby fish increase by one percentage, the fish production will increase more than one percent. after estimating the frontier production function, the technical inefficiency model was estimated. the results showed that with increasing age, the technical efficiency rise and enhancing the participation to the fish training courses and being fish breeding as the main job, have a positive effect on the technical efficiency so that it improves significantly. also, increasing the number of pools and being fish farming as the main job has a positive effect on the technical efficiency of farms. regarding the impact of risk management tools on the technical efficiency of fish farms, it was observed that the technology selection with fewer risk tools has a negative impact, and the flexibility tools, and the use of marketing contracts tools have a positive effect on breeders’ technical efficiency. so, by using these tools, the technical efficiency of the farms also increases. finally, the technical efficiency of the farms was calculated and results revealed that about 50% of farms have an efficiency of more than 90%, and farms with a pool area of 1000 1500 square meters with 89% efficiency, have the highest technical efficiency. results and discussion: the results showed that among the in farm risk management strategies, the selection technology with less risk tool is the most popular and the tool of the financing method is very common in the off farm risk management strategies. in address to the comparison between in farm and off farm’s risk management strategies, the fish farmers are more likely to use in farm risk management strategies. the estimated results of the cobb douglas production function showed that the total area of pools, number of baby fish, labor, and feed cost, floating usage, and aerator usage have a significant effect on fish production. according to the results, if the total pools area increases by one percentage, the frontier fish production will increase by 0.06 percentages, and if the number of baby fish increase by one percentage, the fish production will increase more than one percent. after estimating the frontier production function, the technical inefficiency model was estimated. the results showed that with increasing age, the technical efficiency rise and enhancing the participation to the fish training courses and being fish breeding as the main job, have a positive effect on the technical efficiency so that it improves significantly. also, increasing the number of pools and being fish farming as the main job has a positive effect on the technical efficiency of farms. regarding the impact of risk management tools on the technical efficiency of fish farms, it was observed that the technology selection with fewer risk tools has a negative impact, and the flexibility tools, and the use of marketing contracts tools have a positive effect on breeders’ technical efficiency. so, by using these tools, the technical efficiency of the farms also increases. finally, the technical efficiency of the farms was calculated and results revealed that about 50% of farms have an efficiency of more than 90%, and farms with a pool area of 1000 1500 square meters with 89% efficiency, have the highest technical efficiency. conclusions: given that producers use risk reduction tools rather than transferring risk on farms and this also harms the technical efficiency, so it is recommended that in a progressive world to take advantage of modern production technology, a great facility should be provided.