داستان‌پردازی و مدل ‌سازی: هستی ‌شناسی داستان‌انگارانه و مسئلۀ بازنمایی در مدل‌های علمی

ﻣﺪلﻫﺎ ﺳﺆاﻻت ﻣﻬﻤﯽ در ﻓﻠﺴﻔﮥ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻄﺮح ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ، اﻣﺎ از ﻣﯿﺎن آﻧﻬﺎ دو ﺳﺆال اﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺗﺮ از ﺑﻘﯿﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺨ ﺴﺖ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻣﺪل ﻫﺎ اﺻﻮﻻً چیستند، و دوم اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻣﺪلﻫﺎ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻬﺎن را ﺑﺎزﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ. ﻣﺎ در اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮ ﺷﺘﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ نخست در ﭼﻬﺎرﭼﻮب داﺳﺘﺎن اﻧﮕﺎری ﻣﺪلﻫﺎی ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻣﯽﭘﺮدازﯾﻢ، اﻣﺎ ﻧشان ﻣﯽدﻫﯿﻢ اﯾﻦ دو ﭘﺮﺳﺶ درﻫﻢﺗﻨﯿﺪه اﻧﺪ. ﯾﮑﯽ از راه ﺣﻞ ﻫﺎی ﺟﺬاﺑﯽ ﮐﻪ در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎی اﺧﯿﺮ در ﺧﺼﻮص ﻫﺴﺘﯽﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﺪلﻫﺎی ﻧﻈﺮی ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪه روﯾﮑﺮدی ﻣﻮﺳﻮم ﺑﻪ داﺳﺘﺎن اﻧﮕﺎری اﺳﺖ. ادﻋﺎ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻣﺪل ﻫﺎی ﻋﻠﻤﯽ از ﺳﻨﺦ داﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎﯾﯽ هستند ﮐﻪ از آﻧﻬﺎ در ﺑﺎزی ﻫﺎی ﺗﺨﯿﻠﯽ استفاده می شود. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ، اﺑﺘﺪا داﺳﺘﺎن اﻧﮕﺎری ﻣﺪلﻫﺎی ﻋﻠﻤﯽ و دو ﻧﺤﻮه ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﺑﺎزﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ (مستقیم وغیرمستقیم) در آن ﺷﺮح داده ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ اﻧﺘﻘﺎدی ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از آﻧﻬﺎ، ﻧﺸﺎن ﺧﻮاﻫﯿﻢ داد ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎزﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ اﮔﺮﭼﻪ در ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﺎ را از ﻃﺮح ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﻫﺴﺘﯽﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ درﺑﺎره اﻣﻮر داﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﯽﻧﯿﺎز ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ، اﻣﺎ در واﻗﻊ، در ﺑﻄﻦ ﺧﻮد ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪ ﻓﺮض اﻣﻮر داﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ اﺳﺖ. در ﺧﺼﻮص ﺑﺎزﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﻏﯿﺮﻣ ﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ، اﺳﺘﺪﻻل ﺧﻮاﻫﯿﻢ ﮐﺮد ﮐﻪ ﻃﺮﻓﺪاران اﯾﻦ ﻗﺮاﺋﺖ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎن ﻧﮕﺎﻫﯽ ارﺟﺎع ﮔﺮاﯾﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ داﺳﺘﺎن دارﻧﺪ و از اﯾﻦ رو، ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد آﻧﺎن درخصوص هستیﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ اﻣﻮر داﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺎ روح ﮐﻠﯽ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ داستان اﻧﮕﺎری ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﻧﯿﺴﺖ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﮥ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ داﺳﺘﺎن اﻧﮕﺎری ﻫﻨﻮز روﯾﮑﺮدی ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮای ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺪلﻫﺎی ﻧﻈﺮی ﻧﯿﺴﺖ.

story-making and model-making: ontological fictionalism and the problem of representation in scientific models

models raise important questions in the philosophy of science, but two of them are more fundamental than the others: what models are how models represent the world. in this paper, we mainly address the first in the context of fictionalism, but will show that these two are intertwined. firstly, treating scientific models as fiction and two ways of explaining scientific representation (direct and indirect) in such a framework are discussed. then, by critically evaluating each of them, we will show that direct representation, although it seems to explain away the ontological question about fictional entities, in fact, requires in itself a presupposition of them and cannot completely exclude them from the realm of models. with regard to indirect representation, we will argue that proponents of this reading still have a referentialist view of the fiction, and therefore their solution to the ontological question is inconsistent with the general spirit of fictionalism. therefore, fictionalism is not yet a proper approach for analyzing theoretical models.