خشونت علیه متافیزیک: بررسی انتقادی نقدهای رادیکال به خشونت متافیزیک

ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﺪﻫﺎی ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ، ﻧﻘﺪ ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﻧﻬﻔﺘﻪ در ﻣﺘﺎﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ و ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﺑﺮآﻣﺪه از آن اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﺪ، اﻣﮑﺎن اﻧﺪﯾﺸﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﯽ را ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻟﻮازم ﻋﻤﻠﯽ آن ﻧﻔﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺘﺪﻻل ﮐﻪ اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ ﺑﺮ ادراک ﮐﻠﯽ، ﻓﻬﻢ روﺷﻦ و روش اﺳﺘﻌﻼ، ﺗﻮﺟﯿﻪﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎی ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖﺑﺎر ﺗﺴﻠﻂ و ﺗﻤﻠﮏ و ﺳﺮﮐﻮب ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. در ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻫﺎ و رواﯾﺖﻫﺎی اﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﺪ، ﻣﺘﺎﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺧﻼق ﻧﻬﺎده ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ وﺟﻮه ﻏﯿﺮاﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﺧﺎﺳﺘﮕﺎه و روش ﻣﺘﺎﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ ﺑﺮﻣﻼ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﺎ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﺪ وﺟﻮه ﻣﻬﻤﯽ از اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ را ﺑﺮﻣﻼ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ، اﻣﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﺑﺮ رواﯾﺘﯽ از ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﯽ اﺳﺘﻮارﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ رواﯾﺖ ﻣﺨﺪوﺷﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از اﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﺪﻫﺎ، دﭼﺎر ﺳﻮﮔﯿﺮی، ﻣﻐﻠﻄﻪ و ﺑﯽدﻗﺘﯽ در ﻓﻬﻢ و ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ ﻣﺎﺟﺮای ﻣﺘﺎﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏاﻧﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪرت ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻮن ﻣﺘﺎﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺧﻼف اﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﺪ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﯾﮏ رواﯾﺖ دﯾﮕﺮ و ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺗﺮ، ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ در ﺧﺎﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺧﻮد ﺑﺎ اﺧﻼق ﻫﻤﺰاد اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ، ﻧﺨﺴﺖ دو رواﯾﺖ اﺻﻠﯽ از ﻧﻘﺪ ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﺎﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﻧﻘﺪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. ﺳﭙﺲ اﺳﺘﺪﻻل ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻃﺒﻖ ﯾﮏ رواﯾﺖ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ دﯾﮕﺮ، ﻣﺘﺎﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ در ﺧﺎﺳﺘﮕﺎه و ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﺧﻮد، ﯾﮏ رﺧﺪاد و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ اﺧﻼﻗﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰم ﻓﺮوﺗﻨﯽ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ واﻗﻌﯿﺖ و ﺟﺴﺖوﺟﻮی ﺑﻨﯿﺎد ﻣﺸﺘﺮک ﺧﻮﯾﺶ ﺑﺎ دﯾﮕﺮی اﺳﺖ

violence against metaphysics: a critical study of radical criticisms against metaphysical violence

one of the most radical criticisms by contemporary philosophers against metaphysics refers to the violence embedded in and developed by metaphysics. this criticism rejects the possibility of thinking about being arguing that metaphysical thought due to its insistence on thinking clearly and distinctly, and for its method of transcendence results in suppression, possession, and tyranny. different versions of this criticism unravel many secret points within the history of philosophy; yet, they all relate a specific narration of the history of philosophy that can be criticized itself. many of such criticisms involve a kind of bias, sophistication, and negligence in their reading (and interpreting) of the history of philosophy. they rarely refer to philosophical texts, and their claims seldom are supported by a close reading of a text in its context. this article studies two versions of the criticisms against metaphysical violence: that of levinas, as the most significant critic of metaphysics, and of mc cumber, as he has explained in more details how metaphysical violence transpires on the realm of act. then, some crucial criticisms against this view will be discussed.