Criterion-related validity of sit-and-reach tests for estimating hamstring and lumbar extensibility: A meta-analysis

The main purpose of the present meta-analysis was to examine the scientific literature on the criterion-related validity of sitand-reach tests for estimating hamstring and lumbar extensibility. for this purpose relevant studies were searched from seven electronic databases dated up through december 2012. primary outcomes of criterion-related validity were pearson's zero-order correlation coefficients (r) between sit-and-reach tests and hamstrings and/or lumbar extensibility criterion measures. then,from the included studies,the hunter-schmidt's psychometric meta-analysis approach was conducted to estimate population criterion-related validity of sit-and-reach tests. firstly,the corrected correlation mean (rp),unaffected by statistical artefacts (i.e.,sampling error and measurement error),was calculated separately for each sit-and-reach test. subsequently,the three potential moderator variables (sex of participants,age of participants,and level of hamstring extensibility) were examined by a partially hierarchical analysis. of the 34 studies included in the present meta-analysis,99 correlations values across eight sitand-reach tests and 51 across seven sit-and-reach tests were retrieved for hamstring and lumbar extensibility,respectively. the overall results showed that all sit-and-reach tests had a moderate mean criterion-related validity for estimating hamstring extensibility (rp = 0.46-0.67),but they had a low mean for estimating lumbar extensibility (rp = 0.16-0.35). generally,females,adults and participants with high levels of hamstring extensibility tended to have greater mean values of criterionrelated validity for estimating hamstring extensibility. when the use of angular tests is limited such as in a school setting or in large scale studies,scientists and practitioners could use the sitand-reach tests as a useful alternative for hamstring extensibility estimation,but not for estimating lumbar extensibility. © journal of sports science and medicine.