بررسی تطبیقی جوهریت نفس سینوی و فلسفه ذهن معاصر

اعتقاد به جوهریت نفس ناطقه نزد ابن سینا دیدگاهی بنیادی بوده و از امهات انسان شناسی سینوی به شمار می رود. مساله جوهریت نفس برای ابن سینا اساسی است چرا که تبیین کننده مساله جاودانگی نفس ناطقه انسانی است و بدین جهت وی بصورت مفصل و با ذکر چندین نوع دلیل به دفاع از این آموزه می پردازد. در عوض اغلب دیدگاههای معاصر در فلسفه ذهن منکر جوهریت نفس بوده و حداکثر آن را خاصیتی نشات گرفته از فرآیندهای فیزیولوژیک و مغزی تلقی می کنند. با اینکه عمده دلیل ابن‌سینا بر تجرد نفس متکی به تمایز ادراک عقلی از سایر فرآیندهای بدنی است ولی در ضمن ادله دیگر و با رویکردهای پدیدارشناختی ادراکات و تامل در روابط نفس و بدن نیز به دفاع از تجرد و جوهریت تفس پرداخته و در ساخت و پرداخت برهان معروف انسان معلق در فضا از این دست شواهد تجربی بهره برده است. در این نوشتار ضمن معرفی دیدگاه ابن سینا ادله وی از دیدگاهی تطبیقی و با در نظر گرفتن دیدگاههای معاصر فلسفه ذهن و پیشترفتهای علوم بیولوژیک و عصب شناسی بررسی شده و این آموزه مورد بررسی انتقادی قرار خواهد گرفت.

the comparative study of substantial view of human soul from avicenna viewpoint and contemporary philosophy of mind

introduction: the theory of substantiality of human soul is one ofthe fundamental view of the avicenna’s philosophy. this issue is very important because enable him to defend from doctrine of human immortality and resurrection. the doctrine of human soul is one of the innovations of avicenna’s philosophy because according to aristotle view human nature is like to other material being and constitute of matter (body) and form (soul) that penetrate to matter and mutually dependant to each other and therefore the soul not able to exist after dying and destroying of body. avicenna try to solve this philosophicalproblem and prove the doctrine of substantiality of human soul.method: by analysis of avicenna’s proofs of substantially ofhuman soul, i am trying to find and clarify basic principles andstructure of these arguments and evaluating them according to the knowledge of contemporary neuroscience and the philosophy of the mind. some of the avicenna’s arguments for substantiality of humansoul are a priori and based on metaphysical and pure intellectualpreliminaries, and some other is based on phenomenological analysisof consciousness and last group of his argument has builded up bycombining experimental data and rational principles. this compositionof argument and its consequences is describe and analyse incomparison to some important of theory and fact in neuroscience andphilosophy of mind in comparative manner. finding: according to my analysis, the most important andpowerful argument for substantiality of human soul is based on theuniversity of intelligent perception. the second type of argument isbased on phenomenological analysis of consciousness and this type ofargument, i think, could be able to demonstrate the distinctionbetween intentional consciousness and matter of brain but has notenough power to prove the substantiality of human soul; especially thefamous argument of avicenna named argument of flying man is notefficient for proving substantiality of human soul. however aschalmers pointed out there is a big explanatory gap between firstperson intentional consciousness and third person study of brainprocess and neuronal interaction as studied and explained by thecognitive science. there is an important distinction between this twoview investigations. avicenna’s theory is compatible to the view thatreject the identity of human soul and brain; but as john searledeclared by the theory of non event causality this distinction was notequal to substantiality of human soul.conclusion: the doctrine of substantiality of human soul from theavicenna’s view is coherent and could be able to compatible for newviewpoints of cognitive science and philosophy of mind. furthermorethis theory has potentiality for creating an update example of thedoctrine of dual substantiality of soul and body and therefore reinforcethe divine wisdom in word of philosophy. according to theavicenna’s view human soul has close relation to his body; thisphilosophy has a precise description of power of soul andcorresponding location in the brain like memory and speech centre.power of intellect is a higher function of brain in avicenna’s view andthis is compatible to recent theory of consciousness that is equal tosummation of neuronal interconnection and network.