investigating the relationship between cigarettes and hookah smoking with coronary artery disease

Background: cardiovascular disease (cvd) is recognized as a leading global cause of mortality, with tobacco use being one of the established risk factors responsible for 29% of related deaths. although tobacco smoking, particularly through hookah, is increasing globally, limited data are available to evaluate its impact on cvd. this study aimed to investigate the relationship between cigarette and hookah smoking and coronary artery disease (cad). objectives: this study evaluated the relationship between cigarette and hookah smoking and coronary artery involvement based on coronary angiography findings. methods: in this hospital-based cross-sectional study, 256 patients were included, with 128 patients in the cad group (showing at least 50% stenosis in the left main artery or over 70% stenosis in other coronary arteries) and 128 patients in the normal angiography group. we assessed their smoking status, categorizing participants as current smokers, ex-smokers, or never-smokers. to ensure the collection of accurate and reliable data, we conducted face-to-face interviews, observations, and administered a questionnaire and medical checklist. results: based on multivariable logistic regression models, after adjusting for additional risk factors, individuals who smoked exhibited an approximately eight-fold higher likelihood of developing cad compared to non-smokers. additionally, hookah users showed a five-fold increase in cad risk compared to non-hookah users (p = 0.001). conclusions: cigarette and hookah smoking are significantly associated with cad, with cigarette smoking showing a comparatively stronger association with cad than hookah use when considering other risk factors.