a review of cold-wet mizaj and phlegm dominance indices in persian medicine

Background: personalized medicine, an emerging approach, considers individual differences to tailor treatments optimally. persian medicine (pm) incorporates individual differences through mizāj (temperament). a comprehensive understanding of each mizaj type's characteristics is essential in designing standardized diagnostic tools.objectives: this study aims to explore the attributes of one of the most significant mizaj groups, namely cold-wet mizaj, and its subtypes, including cold-wet su-e-mizaj (dystemperament), as well as phlegm dominance in pm sources. methods: persian medicine literature, including the canon of medicine, was reviewed for relevant concepts. reliable scientific databases, including pubmed, scopus, and magiran, were searched using keywords such as mizaj, temperament, su-e-mizaj, dystemperament, cold-wet dystemperament, phlegm, and balgham. the obtained results were studied and categorized. results: out of the 196 articles obtained related to mizaj, 16 investigated indices. no studies were found on the indices of cold-wet mizaj and phlegm dominance separately. pm sources exhibit high congruence in describing the characteristics of cold-wet mizaj. specifically, emphasis is placed on characteristics such as coldness and softness of the skin to the touch, high fat mass, pale and white complexion, excessive body secretions, weakness and slowness of physical and physiological actions, low vitality, timidity, poor memory, and slow-wittedness. in cold-wet dystemperament, symptoms are more severe, and in the presence of phlegm, a feeling of heaviness is also mentioned as a specific symptom. conclusions: by compiling indices of cold-wet mizaj/dystemperament and phlegm dominance, this study can contribute to the development of standardized pm questionnaires, facilitating a personalized approach to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.