ارزیابی اثر نوع سمپاش و دُز علف کش تری بنورون متیل (گیاهستار) در کنترل علف های هرز پهن برگ اراضی گندم آبی

به منظور ارزیابی سمپاش های رایج و دُزهای مختلف علف کش تری بنورون متیل در کنترل علف های هرز پهن برگ گندم آبی، تحقیقی در 75 کیلومتری شمال شرق مشهد واقع در مزارع روستای حکیم آباد در بهار 1393 به اجرا درآمد. قالب طرح اسپلیت پلات بر پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار بود. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل کاربرد 5 نوع سمپاش (الکترواستاتیک، تراکتوری لانس دار، میکرونر، پشتی اتومایزر و تراکتوری بوم دار) به عنوان عامل اصلی و کاربرد علف کش تری بنورون متیل در مقادیر 15، 20 و 25 گرم در هکتار به عنوان عامل فرعی بودند. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که کاربرد سمپاش پشت تراکتوری بوم دار بطور معنی داری منجر به کاهش تراکم و وزن خشک تمامی علف های هرز شده درحالیکه سمپاش پشتی اتومایزر و تراکتوری لانس دار دارای کمترین کارایی بودند. نتایج اثر متقابل کاربرد نوع سمپاش و میزان مصرف علف کش تری بنورون متیل نیز حاکی از برتری معنی دار سمپاش پشت تراکتوری بوم دار به همراه دُز مصرفی 25 گرم در هکتار علف کش تری بنورون متیل در کنترل اغلب علف های هرز پهن برگ گندم در مقایسه با سایر تیمارها داشته و توانسته بود منجر به افزایش عملکرد گندم آبی به میزان 5050 کیلوگرم در هکتار شود. بیشترین میزان مصرف محلول سم مربوط به سمپاش تراکتوری لانس دار (732.8 لیتر در هکتار) و کمترین آن مربوط به سمپاش میکرونر (34.9 لیتر در هکتار) بود. بهترین ضریب یکنواختی پاشش متعلق به سمپاش بوم دار پشتی تراکتوری (1.8 = vmd/nmd) و بعد از آن سمپاش میکرونر با ضریب پاشش (3 = vmd/nmd) تخمین زده شد. بعبارت دیگر، سمپاش پشت تراکتوری بوم دار نسبت به سمپاش میکرونر دارای کیفیت پاشش یکنواخت تری است. همچنین این دو سمپاش نسبت به سایر سمپاش های مورد آزمایش دارای برتری بودند. بالاترین درصد لهیدگی محصول مربوط به سمپاش بوم دار پشت تراکتوری (14.5 درصد) و کمترین آن مربوط به سمپاش میکرونر (2.8 درصد) بود. همچنین سمپاش پشت تراکتوری بوم دار و میکرونر پشتی به ترتیب با 3.2 و 1.1 هکتار بر ساعت دارای بیشترین و کمترین ظرفیت مزرعه بودند.

Evaluation of Sprayer Type Effect and TribenuronMethyl (Gyahstar) Herbicide Dosage on Broadleaf Weeds of Water Wheat Fields

<strong >Introduction: </strong >Weed management is a key topic in many farming systems. Nowadays, application of herbicides is the most common method to control wheat weeds and maximize yield. Modification of sprayer such as adjusting sprayer for producing droplet with suitable size and uniform can be considered to reduce herbicides usage. For this purpose, the volume median diameter (VMD), numerical median diameter (NMD) and uniform spraying ratio (VMD/NMD) = QC are the common factors. Other method to decrease herbicide usage in field is applying appropriate sprayer. Electrostatic, lance tractor, microner, atomizer and boom sprayer tractor are the common sprayer applying for controlling weeds in wheat fields. Among them, lance tractor sprayer is used at more than 70% of farms in the country. <a href= "http://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/82/1/0289/pdf/ &amp;sa=U &amp;ved=0ahUKEwjPn7W3J_QAhWGbhQKHYU6Bn0QFggeMAE &amp;sig2=0UQs1azuI3chiZkejoM2bQ &amp;usg=AFQjCNGbbTn19ftqoCIlbOQP85zjyRvhKg " >Tribenuronmethyl </a > is a selective postemergence herbicide for controlling broad leaved weeds in wheat fields. The product is absorbed and transferred by weeds stems and leaves to prevent cell division and kill weeds. Application should be carried out in early spring when weeds are actively growing. <a href= "http://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/82/1/0289/pdf/ &amp;sa=U &amp;ved=0ahUKEwjPn7W3J_QAhWGbhQKHYU6Bn0QFggeMAE &amp;sig2=0UQs1azuI3chiZkejoM2bQ &amp;usg=AFQjCNGbbTn19ftqoCIlbOQP85zjyRvhKg " >Tribenuronmethyl </a > mode of action is inhibiting biosynthesis of the essential amino acids valine and isoleucine, hence stopping cell division and plant growth. Selectivity derives from rapid crop metabolism. Mode of action is rapidly absorbed by foliage and roots and translocated throughout plant. Susceptible plants cease to grow almost immediately after postemergence treatment and are killed in 721 days. ; <strong >Materials and Methods: </strong >To evaluate common sprayer and different doses of <a href= "http://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/82/1/0289/pdf/ &amp;sa=U &amp;ved=0ahUKEwjPn7W3J_QAhWGbhQKHYU6Bn0QFggeMAE &amp;sig2=0UQs1azuI3chiZkejoM2bQ &amp;usg=AFQjCNGbbTn19ftqoCIlbOQP85zjyRvhKg " >tribenuronmethyl </a > herbicide on broadleaf weeds of irrigated wheat, an experiment was carried out in field (with an area of 1200 m <sup >2 </sup >) located in Hakimabad, Mashhad, Iran (latitude 58° 53 ' N, longitude 36° 46 ' E) during spring of 2014. The experimental design was split plots based on randomized completed blocks with four replications undertaken in plots with 50 m <sup >2 </sup > (5 × 10) area. The experimental treatments included the main factor with five types of sprayer (Electrostatic, Lance tractor, Microner, Atomizer and Boom sprayer tractor) and sub factor with applying tribenuronMethyl herbicide )Giahstar, 75% DF, Ariashimi, Iran) at dosage of 15, 20 and 25 gr. ha <sup >1 </sup >. Broadleaf weeds were sampled in middle of the plots using 1 × 1 quadrate 10 and 20 days after spraying. The weeds biomass and density and wheat yield loss were then assessed. Samples were ovendried at 75 °C for 72 h and then weighed. Final data were analyzed by SAS 9.1 and EXCEL. ; <strong >Results and Discussion: </strong >The results of experiment showed that both weeds density and weight were sigificantly reduced by boom sprayer, whreras the lowest efficiency was found for atomizer and lance sprayers. Further, wheat broadleaf weeds were better controlled by boom sprayer with 25 gr/ha <a href= "http://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/82/1/0289/pdf/ &amp;sa=U &amp;ved=0ahUKEwjPn7W3J_QAhWGbhQKHYU6Bn0QFggeMAE &amp;sig2=0UQs1azuI3chiZkejoM2bQ &amp;usg=AFQjCNGbbTn19ftqoCIlbOQP85zjyRvhKg " >tribenuronmethyl </a > application resulting in an increase to 5050 kg/ha for wheat yield. As for solution consumption rate in one hectare, the difference between spraying methods was significant at level of 1%. The highest and lowest herbicide solution rates were found for tractor lance sprayer and microner with 732.8 and 34.9 l.ha <sup >1 </sup >, respectively. Quality coefficient (VMD/NMD) also was significant at 1% probability level. The best quality coefficients were obtained for tractor boom sprayer (VMD/NMD = 1.8) followed by microner (VMD/NMD = 3). In other words, the tractor boom sprayer had more uniform spray quality than the microner sprayer. Moreover, both sprayers displayed better performance as compared with other sprayers tested. The largest (14.5 %) and lowest (2.8 %) crop losses were determined for tractor boom and microner sprayer, respectively. The highest (3.2 ha <sup >1 </sup >.h ) and lowest (1.1 ha <sup >1 </sup >.h ) field capacities were also obtained for tractor boom and microner sprayer, respectively. ; <strong >Conclusion: </strong >The microner sprayer was the best sprayer in terms of solution consumption rate with an efficacy rate of 96 %. The greatest wheat yield (4830 kg.ha <sup >1 </sup >) was observed for tractor boom sprayer with applying 25 kg.ha <sup >1 </sup > herbicide. Using tractor lance sprayer applying 15 kg.ha <sup >1 </sup > herbicide, however, resulted in the lowest wheat yield (4615 kg.ha <sup >1 </sup >). The greatest and lowest weeds controls were also found for tractor boom and tractor lance sprayer, atomizer sprayer tractor, respectively. <a href= "http://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/82/1/0289/pdf/ &amp;sa=U &amp;ved=0ahUKEwjPn7W3J_QAhWGbhQKHYU6Bn0QFggeMAE &amp;sig2=0UQs1azuI3chiZkejoM2bQ &amp;usg=AFQjCNGbbTn19ftqoCIlbOQP85zjyRvhKg " >Tribenuronmethyl </a > application with dosage of 25 kg.ha <sup >1 </sup >was the suitable dose for controlling prennial weeds such as bindweed, knotweed, knapweed and rhubarb.