تاثیر طیف‌های مختلف نور بر عملکرد فتوسنتزی، شاخص‌های رشد و میزان اسانس گیاه مریم گلی (salvia officinalis l.)

ﻧﻮر ﻣﻨﺒﻊ اﻧﺮژی ﺑﺮای ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ و ﻋﺎﻣﻠﯽ ﺗﺤﺮﯾﮏﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺮای رﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮ ﮔﯿﺎه ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻮر ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪت، ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ و دوره ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻧﻮر ،رﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن و واﮐﻨﺶ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ رواﺑﻂ ﮔﺎزی آﻧﻬﺎ را ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ. در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰی، ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎی رﺷﺪی و ﻣﯿﺰان اﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﮔﯿﺎه ﻣﺮﯾﻢ ﮔﻠﯽ در واﮐﻨﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻃﯿﻒﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻮری از ﺷﺶ ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﻧﻮری ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻮر ﺳﻔﯿﺪ، ﻗﺮﻣﺰ، آﺑﯽ و ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮر ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ30:آﺑﯽ70، ﻗﺮﻣﺰ50:آﺑﯽ50 و ﻗﺮﻣﺰ70:آﺑﯽ30 ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﺷﺪه از ﻻﻣﭗﻫﺎی led ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪت ﻧﻮری 250±10 ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﻣﻮل ﻓﻮﺗﻮن ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ در ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﮐﺎﻣﻼ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺗﮑﺮار اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار ﻃﯿﻒﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻮری ﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﻨﺞ و ﯾﮏ درﺻﺪ ﺑﻮد. درﺻﺪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﻮر ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه ﻧﻮر ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ70:آﺑﯽ30 ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎی رﺷﺪی ﮔﯿﺎه ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽﻫﺎی ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰی ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺷﺪت ﻓﻠﻮرﺳﺎﻧﺲ در ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺗﺴﺖ ojip ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮر ﻗﺮﻣﺰ و ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻓﻠﻮرﺳﺎﻧﺲ در ﻧﻮرﻫﺎی ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ 50:آﺑﯽ 50 و ﻗﺮﻣﺰ70:آﺑﯽ30 ﺑﻮد. ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ آب ﻓﺘﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ fv/f0 ii و ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ ﮐﺎراﺋﯽ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ fv/fm ii در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﻧﻮر ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻧﻮر ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ازای ﻧﻮر ﺟﺬب ﺷﺪه piabs و اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮐﻮاﻧﺘﻮﻣﯽ اﺗﻼف اﻧﺮژی фd0، ﻣﯿﺰان ﺟﺬب ﻧﻮر ﺑﻪ ازای ﻫﺮ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ واﮐﻨﺶ abs/rc و ﻣﯿﺰان ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﻟﮑﺘﺮون tr0/rc ﺷﺪ. ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ و ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﮔﺸﻮدﮔﯽ دﻫﺎﻧﻪی روزﻧﻪ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ در ﻧﻮر آﺑﯽ و ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻧﻮر ﻗﺮﻣﺰ، اﺑﻌﺎد و ﻣﻨﻔﺬ روزﻧﻪ ﮐﻮﭼﮑﺘﺮ و ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﺮخ ﺗﻌﺮق و اﺗﻼف آب ﺑﺮگ و ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺣﻔﻆ آب ﺑﺮگ ﺷﺪ و ﺑﺎﻟﻌﮑﺲ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻮر آﺑﯽ ﭘﺮورش ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ، دارای روزﻧﻪﻫﺎی ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺷﮑﺎف روزﻧﻪای ﻋﺮﯾﺾﺗﺮ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻃﻮل و ﻋﺮض روزﻧﻪ در ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻧﻮری آﺑﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮر ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 20/52 و 10/47 درﺻﺪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن داد. ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽرﺳﺪ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آﻣﺪن اﯾﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت روزﻧﻪ ای در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ زﯾﺎد ﻧﻮر آﺑﯽ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻫﺪاﯾﺖ روزﻧﻪای و اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻧﺮخ ﺗﻌﺮق و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺤﺘﻮی ﻧﺴﺒﯽ آب ﺑﺮگ در ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﭘﺮورش ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ در ﻧﻮر آﺑﯽ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪه اﺳﺖ . ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار اﺳﺎﻧﺲ 1/75 درﺻﺪ ﺣﺠﻤﯽ وزﻧﯽ در ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻧﻮری ﻗﺮﻣﺰ70:آﺑﯽ30 ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ و ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮر ﺳﻔﯿﺪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ 32/33 درﺻﺪی را ﻧﺸﺎن داد. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن داد، ﺑﺮای ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺗﺠﺎری ﮔﯿﺎه ﻣﺮﯾﻢ ﮔﻠﯽ در ﻣﺤﯿﻂﻫﺎی ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎی ﻧﻮردﻫﯽ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﯽ ﺑﺮای ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ ﺷﺪن ﺗﺒﺎدﻻ ت ﮔﺎزی ﮔﯿﺎه ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ و ﺗﻌﺮق ، ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت رﺷﺪی و ﻓﯿﺘﻮﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ، ﻧﻮر ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ70:آﺑﯽ30 ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

effect of different light spectral on photosynthetic performance, growth indicators and essential oil content of salvia officinalis l.

 light is the main environmental factor for plant growth and development. different attributes of light such as intensity, quality and duration affect plant growth and productivity. light spectrum of growing environment is a determinant factor for plant growth and photosynthesis. the photosynthetic reactions are directly affected by various light parameters including its spectrum and intensity. photosystem i and ii psi and psii in the electron transport chain of photosynthetic apparatus are involved in converting solar energy to chemical compounds in plants. it has been found that the psii is sensitive to light quality. using the ojip test, we can investigate the efficiency of various biological phases of the electron transport system. light sources such as metal-halide, fluorescent, high-pressure sodium, neon lamps and light-emitting diode led can be used for production of plants in closed environments instead of sunlight. manipulation of the light spectrum of the lamps could trigger potential benefits by enhancing plant growth. nowadays, by using the led technology, it is possible to study the physiological effect of different light spectra for optimization of growth conditions and for increase the production of plants in controlled environments. this research was conducted to investigate photosynthetic apparatus, growth parameters, stomatal characteristics, transpiration rate and essential oil content of salvia officinalis under different light spectra. materials and methods in this study, the effects of different light spectra were implemented and performed as a pot experiment using soilless media in the plant growth chamber based on a completely randomized design with 6 lighting spectra including white, blue, red and three combinations of r and b lights r30:b70, r50:b50 and r70:b30 with three replications. the light intensity in all growth chambers was adjusted to photosynthetic photon flux density ppfd of 250 ±10 μmol m-2s-1 and light spectrum were monitored using a sekonic light meter sekonic c-7000, japan . growth condition was set at 14/10 h day/night cycles, 25/22oc day/night temperatures and 40% relative humidity. three month following plant growth under different light spectra, the plants were evaluated for their growth parameters, stomatal characteristics stomatal length, stomatal width, pore length or aperture transpiration rate e , relative water content rwc , photosynthetic apparatus evaluation of ojip and essential oil content. data analysis of variance anova was performed using ibm sas software version 9.1 and the differences between means were assessed using duncan’s multiple range tests at p≤ 0.05. results the results showed that the stomata characteristics, photosynthetic performance, growth characteristics and essential oil content of salvia officinalis were affected by different light spectra. increasing the ratio of red light especially combined red and blue lights r70:b30 led to the improvement of growth characteristics. transient induction of chlorophyll fluorescence showed that the highest fluorescence intensities at all ojip steps were detected in red light. the lowest fv/f0 and fv/fm were obtained in plants grown under red light. occurrence of leaf epinasty and decrease in fv/fm indicative of phenomenon of red light syndrome in the plants under red treatment. red light caused a reduction in performance index per absorbed light efficiency of piabs and increase in quantum energy dissipation φd0 , light absorption abs/rc and electron trapping tr0/rc per reaction center. the highest fv/f0, fv/fm and piabs were obtained under combination of red and rlue light. the highest φe0 was also detected in combination of red and blue light. the narrow and large stomatal apertures were detected under red and blue light, respectively. the highest transpiration rate was achieved in plants grown under blue light led. increasing the ratio of red light resulted in reduction in transpiration rate and improvement of leaf capacity to control water loss via reducing the opening of stomata. the highest amount of essential oil 1/75% v/w was achieved in plants exposed to combination of red:blue light spectra r70:b30 .conclusion light spectrum during plant growth can change plant metabolism, led can be used in favor of producing good-quality food in controlled environment agriculture due to their ease of application, waveband manipulation and limited heat production. our result showed that photosynthetic apparatus, growth parameters, stomatal characteristics, transpiration rate, relative water content and essential oil content of plants were considerably influenced by light spectra. using ojip test confirmed that plants grown under monochromatic red and blue lights were less efficient to successfully transfer the excitons and most of the absorbed energy by the photosystems was dissipated as heat. in conclusion, combined red and blue lights especially r70:b30 caused favorable growth, photosynthetic functionality and maximum essential oil content of salvia officinalis. therefore, combination of r and b lights r70:b30 should be considered for production of salvia officinalis under artificial light systems during commercial controlled environment production of plants.