ارزیابی قابلیت جایگزینی و مقایسه خصوصیات رشدی و کیفی چمن‌های شبدری با چمن‌های گراسی رایج در فضای سبز به منظور کاهش هزینه‌های سرزنی

امروزه بدلیل هزینه بالای نگهداری چمن (آبیاری و سرزنی)، شهرداری ها و سازمان های اداری در پی جایگزینی آن با سایر گیاهان پوششی می‌باشند. هدف از این آزمایش، مقایسه سه نوع چمن رایج رایگراس چندساله )رقم’دوبل(‘ ، فستوکای بلند )رقم ’الدرادو‘) و چمن مخلوط اسپورت تجاری با چمن های شبدری، شبدر سفید )رقم ’کالوی‘) و شبدر میکرو )رقم ’پیپولینا(‘ به عنوان جایگزینی برای چمن ها به منظور کاهش هزینه های نگهداری می باشد. این آزمایش در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد اجرا شد. صفات مختلف و شاخص های رشد به دفعات طی سال های 1395 و 1396 ارزیابی شد. در ارزیابی های اولیه درصد سبز شدن، رایگراس چند ساله بیشترین میزان را به خود اختصاص داد اما با گذشت 36 روز از کشت، پوشش دهی تمامی گیاهان به 92 تا 98 درصد رسید و هیچ گونه اختلاف معنی داری از لحاظ درصد سبزشدن بین کرت های چمن های گراسی و شبدری نبود. از نظر تراکم، یکنواختی و میزان علف هرز اختلاف معنی داری بین گیاهان مشاهده نشد، اما از نظر کیفیت پس از سرزنی در هر دو سال، شبدر سفید بهترین کیفیت را داشت. ارتفاع و وزن خشک به عنوان شاخص های رشدی در هر دو سال، در چمن های گراسی بیش از شبدرها بود و شبدر میکرو کمترین مقادیر را نشان داد. با گرم شدن هوا، چمن تال فسکیو بر سایرین از نظر ارتفاع و وزن خشک غالب گردید به طوریکه در تیرماه، میزان وزن خشک چمن در هر متر مربع به ترتیب برای تال فسکیو معادل 40، رایگراس (19.52)، اسپورت (15.68)، شبدر سفید (6.24) و شبدر میکرو (0.36) گرم بود. در نهایت، شاخص های رشدی در چمن های شبدری بسیار کمتر از گراس ها بود که با توجه به این رشد کم، بالطبع هزینه های نگهداری، بالاخص سرزنی کاهش می یابد. این یک نکته مثبت در ارقام شبدر سفید و میکرو است که تا ماه ها نیاز به سرزنی ندارد و در واقع، سرزنی به منظور حذف گل ها صورت می گیرد. بنابراین به عنوان جایگزینی با هزینه نگهداری کمتر، قابل توصیه می باشند.

Evaluation of the Replacement Ability and Comparison the Growth and Quality Characteristics of Clover Lawn with Common Grass Lawn in Landscape to Reduce the Mowing Costs

IntroductionTurfgrasses, as one of the important components of urban landscapes, have played a vital role in this regard. However, the main problems of turfgrass development are the cost of turfgrass seeds, maintenance costs such as moving, as well as the high water requirement in arid and semiarid regions. Thus, the reduction of lawn culture in the landscape is one of the decision has taken in parks and green spaces organization of Tehran, Isfahan and even Mashhad. For over ten years, researchers have been looking for alternatives to conventional grass lawns to reduce the high cost of maintenance especially irrigation cost in urban landscapes. According to many researches, one of the potential ground cover alternatives that might be used instead of turfgrass is White Clover. Clover (Trifolium spp.) from Fabaceae family is a genus of about 300 species.Materials and MethodsThe aim of this experiment was to compare three common turfgrasses with two clover varieties as turf replacement to reduce landscape maintenance cost specially moving cost. So, some growth and qualitative factors of clover lawn: Trifolium repens var. Calway and Trifolium repens var. Pipolina (micro clover) and three turfgrasses of Festuca arundinacea L. and Lolium perenne L. and commercial sport turf mixture (from NAkNederland Ltd.) were compared together. This research was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in the research field of the Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Engineering‚ Faculty of Agricultural‚ Ferdowsi University of Mashhad‚ Mashhad‚ Iran, during 2016 and 2017. The site (59º 38′ E and 36º 16 ′ N; elevation 989 m) is located in an arid and semi arid region with mean annual rainfall 233.8 mm and long term averages of maximum and minimum temperature are 22.5 ºC and 9.3 ºC‚ respectively. Turfgrass plots were established by directly sowing the seeds in April, 2016. The planting rate of the seedling considering their pure live seeds (PLS) were 45 g.m2 for Lolium perenne, 34 g.m2 for Festuca arundinacea, 6.5 g.m2 for Trifolium repens, 5.5 g.m2 for micro clover and 39 g.m2 for commercial mixture of sport turf. The plots were 1 m2 (1m×1m) in size and were prepared after plowing and leveling the soil. The seeds were hand sown and covered with a thin layer of leaf compost and sand.Results and DiscussionAccording to the results in the first evaluation of emergence percentage, Lolium perenne had the highest emergence percentage. After 36 days from culture, all plants had 9298 % coverage which did not have any significant difference among grasses with clover lawns. In terms of density, uniformity and weed density, there was no significant difference between the studied plants. In the other hands, white clover showed the best quality after clipping in both years. At the point of growth index, which have done in this experiment by measuring height and dry weight of clipping, grass lawns had the higher growth index in compered to clover lawn in both years. Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne had the highest growth index and white and micro clover had the lowest growth. Also, with air warming, Festuca arundinacea became dominated plant in height and clipping dry weight. In July, Festuca arundinacea produced the highest clipping dry weight by 40 gr.m2, Lolium perenne (19.52), commercial sport turf (15.68), white clover (6.24) and micro clover (0.36) gr.m2.ConclusionOne of the problems of landscape is reduction of maintenance costs such as mowing. So, the low growth of white and micro clover is a positive factor in reduction of the moving costs than turfgrasses. Also, the coverage and proper density of clover lawns are similar to grass lawns and did not have a significant difference with them. The character of low growth can be effective in reduction of irrigation costs in white and micro clover, which requires more research and examination in future. This is a positive point in the white clover and micro clover that do not need to move or cut every months. Almost, clover moving is recommended for removing their flower. Therefore, it is recommended to use white and micro clover as a replacement with less maintenance costs in landscape. Finally, the results of cultivation of grass and clover as monoculture in this study can be used to produce clovergrass mixtures suitable for the climate of our country (arid and semiarid regions), instead of importing turf mixtures from European countries.