ارزیابی صفات پومولوژیکی و مورفولوژیکی برخی از ارقام و ژنوتیپ‌های هلو (Prunus Persica (L.) Batsch) در شرایط اقلیمی خراسان رضوی

هلو از لحاظ اقتصادی و فرآوری اهمیت زیادی دارد و از محصولات مهم باغی است که کشت آن از مناطق نیمه گرمسیری تا معتدله توسعه‌یافته است. این پژوهش با هدف انتخاب ارقام و ژنوتیپ های سازگار هلو در شرایط اقلیمی استان خراسان رضوی با استفاده از 14 رقم و ژنوتیپ در قالب طرح آزمایشی بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار طی دو سال زراعی 97-1395 در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی گلمکان اجرا شد. ارقام از لحاظ صفات فنولوژی (زمان شروع، طول دوره و خاتمه گلدهی، زمان رسیدن میوه)، صفات رویشی (ارتفاع، حجم تاج، سطح مقطع تنه) و پومولوژیکی (وزن میوه، وزن هسته، طول میوه، عرض میوه، عملکرد، سفتی بافت میوه، مواد جامد محلول، اسیدیته قابل تیتراسیون، شاخص طعم، ph) ارزیابی شدند. ژنوتیپ انجیری مالکی زود گل ترین و شندآباد هسته جدا دیر گل ترین در بین سایر ارقام و ژنوتیپ ها بودند. شندآباد5 و اسپرینگ تایم زودرس ترین و پاییزه مشکین‌شهر، گجیل و  انجیری زعفرانی دیررس ترین ژنوتیپ ها بودند. ژنوتیپ حاج کاظمی دارای بیشترین میانگین ارتفاع درخت (236.18 سانتی متر)، سطح مقطع تنه (181.83 سانتی متر مربع) و حجم تاج درخت (73.34 سانتی متر مکعب) بود. در سال دوم آزمایش، صفات وزن میوه، وزن هسته، طول میوه، عرض میوه و عملکرد میوه به ترتیب 41.72، 43.45، 16.61، 16.40 و 81.99 درصد افزایش در مقایسه با سال اول نشان دادند. بیشترین میانگین صفات وزن میوه (165.28 گرم) در رقم فایت، وزن هسته (7.04 گرم) و طول میوه (65.05 میلی متر) در ژنوتیپ شندآباد هسته جدا، عرض میوه (66.04 میلی متر) در شندآباد5 و عملکرد میوه در فایت و پاییزه مشکین شهر (به ترتیب با میانگین 21.78 و 21.33 کیلوگرم) به دست آمد. انجیری زعفرانی بیشترین میانگین درصد مواد جامد محلول (16.59 درصد)، شاخص طعم (48.38) و اسیدیته (4.65) را داشت. عملکرد با صفات سطح مقطع تنه، حجم تاج درخت، وزن میوه، وزن هسته و عرض میوه همبستگی مثبت و معنی داری داشت. بر اساس این مطالعه به ترتیب صفات ارتفاع درخت، سطح مقطع تنه و وزن میوه وارد مدل رگرسیونی شدند که در نهایت صفات وارد شده به مدل، 53.23 درصد از تغییرات عملکرد را توجیه نمودند. در مجموع  فایت و شندآباد هسته جدا به دلیل داشتن عملکرد کمی و کیفی بالا برای کشت در منطقه خراسان رضوی قابل توصیه می باشد.

Evaluation of Pomological and Morphological Traits of some Peach (Prunus persica L. BatSch) Cultivars and Genotypes under Khorasan Razavi Climatic Conditions

Introduction: Peach (Prunus persica L.) is one of the most essential fruit in Iran and the world. This fruit is suitable for both fresh markets and industrial producer and it is quite favorable by consumers. The efficiency of production is strongly influenced by the chosen peach cultivars. New cultivars are constantly in development by breeders. However, all characteristics are required to be examined include their ecological adaptation ability, productivity, fruit quality, and market value before orchard establishment. Studying the new cultivars is practically essential for exact determination of morphological and phenological features of genotype which is important. However, there is limited information on the global evaluation of fruit quality in breeding progenies and their relationships with pomological traits. Furthermore, the cultivated peach area under Khorasan Razavi province is 1850 ha and the production of fruit is 11283 tons. Therefore, the selection of suitable cultivars for cultivation in the region is very important due to the high economic lifespan of peaches (2030 years), which in some commercial orchards this period is reduced to 1215 years. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the pomological and morphological traits of 14 peach genotypes and cultivars in Khorasan Razavi province climatic conditions to select cultivars or genotypes compatible with high quantitative and qualitative performance. Materials and Methods: This study was performed in twoyears (201617 and 201718) experiments based on a complete randomized block design with three replications on 14 peach cultivars and genotypes in Golmakan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station on 4yearsold trees with density planting system at a spacing of 4 ×5 m. The type of applied irrigation was drip irrigation, with common fertilizer. Trees were trained to an open center system. The vegetative (tree height, trunk crosssection, the crown of the tree), phenological (first bloom, full bloom, end of flowering, flowering period, and harvest time) and reproductive (fruit weight, stone weight, fruit length, fruit width, fruit yield, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, flavor index, and pH) traits were evaluated. It is necessary to explain the soluble solids content by Refractometer (Model 7887, Osk Japan) in terms of percentage and acidity by titration with NaOH (0.1 N) based on predominant peach acid, malic acid. The ratio of soluble solids to acidity was obtained by dividing soluble solids by acidity. The pH of the fruit juice was measured with a portable pH meter at room temperature (23–18 °C). Data analysis was performed using SAS software (version 9.2) and means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test. Stepwise regression and cluster analysis (Ward method) was conducted by Minitab software (version 19). Simple correlation (Pearson) between traits from the mean of twoyear data was performed using SAS statistical software (version 9.2), in which positive correlation with blue color and negative correlation with red color was determined, which increased the color intensity indicates an increase in the correlation coefficient. Results and Discussion: The results showed that year and genotype had significantly different effects on all studied traits. ‘Anjiri Maliki’ and ‘Shindabad Hastejoda’ were the earliest and the most lateflowering genotypes, respectively. Among the studied genotypes, ‘Shindabad5’ and ‘Spring Time’ were the earliest fruiting genotypes, and ‘Meshkinshahr Paeeze’, ‘Kajil’, and ‘Anjiri Zafarani’ were the most latefruiting genotypes. ‘Haj Kazem’ genotype had the highest tree height (236.18 cm), trunk crosssection (181.83 cm2), and tree crown volume (73.34 cm3), which compared to the control genotype (‘G.H. Hill’) showed  38.62%, 79.9%, and 55.7% increases, respectively. In the second year of the experiment, the characteristics of fruit weight, stone weight, fruit length, fruit width, and fruit yield increased by 41.72%, 43.45%, 16.61%, 16.40% and 81.99%, respectively, compared to the first year. The highest amount of single fruit weight (165.28 g) in ‘Fayette’ genotype, stone weight (7.04 g) and fruit length (65.05 mm) in ‘Shinabad Hastejoda’ genotype, fruit width (66.04 mm) in ‘Shandabad5’, and fruit yield in ‘Fayette’ and ‘Paeeze Meshkinshahr’ genotypes (with an average of 21.78 and 21.33 kg, respectively) were obtained. ‘Anjiri Zafarani’ genotype had the highest content of soluble solids (16.95%), flavor index (48.38), and acidity (4.65), which compared to control genotype were increased 0.1%, 69.38% and 25.8%, respectively. Fruit yield had a positive and significant correlation with trunk crosssectional traits, tree crown volume, fruit weight, stone weight, and fruit width. According to this study, the tree height, trunk crosssection, and fruit weight traits were entered into the regression model, respectively, and finally, the traits entered in the model justified 53.23% of the fruit yield changes. Conclusion: Generally, ‘Fayette’ and ‘Shindabad Hastejoda’ genotypes can be recommended as the best genotype for cultivation in the Khorasan Razavi region due to their high quantitative and qualitative yield.