جستاری دربارۀ برخی اشاره‌های نظامی به کتاب‌ها و کسان در اسکندرنامه

اسکندر مقدونی یکی از چهره‌های تاریخی است که داستان زندگی و ماجراجویی‌ها و لشکر‌آرایی‌هایش در نظم و نثر فارسی چنان بازتاب گسترده‌ای دارد که بعضی از شاعران سترگ فارسی، از‌جمله نظامی گنجوی در اسکندرنامه نیز بدین موضوع توجه کرده‌اند. اسکندرنامه بزرگ‌ترین اثر نظامی ازلحاظ حجم و دارای دو بخش «شرف‌نامه» و «اقبال‌نامه» است. بسیاری از داستان‌ها و حکایت‌های خمسۀ نظامی و به‌ویژه اسکندرنامه برگرفته از شماری از منابع شفاهی و کتبی و متون تاریخی و داستانی و افسانه و اسطوره و مانند آنها به زبان فارسی و عربی و دیگر زبان‌هاست که نظامی به شیوۀ خاص خود، مستقیم و غیرمستقیم اشاراتی به آنها داشته است. به‌طور مسلم نظامی برای شکل‌دادن داستان اسکندر، به دانسته‌های خود و آثار و منابع موجود اتکا و استناد داشته است. این نوشتار به روش توصیفی و تحلیل محتوا درپی آن است تا از گفته‌ها و اشاره‌های مستقیم و نامستقیم نظامی در اسکندرنامه، به معرفی منابع مورد استفادۀ او دست یابد. یافته‌ها بیانگر آن است که نظامی ضمن احاطه بر علوم مختلف و زبان‌های دیگر به‌ویژه عربی، به آثار تاریخی، جغرافیایی، ادبی، فلسفی و عرفانی ملل دسترسی داشته و بخش بزرگی از روایات و حکایات و رویدادهای اسکندرنامۀ او برگرفته از همین آثار یا برگردان آن‌هاست که با هنر و فن بیان خود آراسته و پیراسته و منظوم ساخته و گاه تغییراتی در آنها ایجاد کرده است.

a survey about some nizami references to the books and people in iskandernāme

alexander the great, one of the historical figures whose life, adventures, and campaign stories have left effective traces in persian poetry and prose, the great persian poet  nizami ganjavi has expressed this issue in his iskandernāme. iskandernāme is the greatest work of nizami contains two sections sharafnāma and iqbalnāma. many of the stories and anecdotes especially in iskandernāme are depicted from many oral and written sources, historical and fictional texts, legendary, records, and myths in persian, arabic, greek, and other languages to which nizami, in his way, has had direct and indirect reference. nizami has relied on his knowledge and other existing works and sources to form the story of alexander. the objective of this article is to introduce the sources that nizami referred to for his descriptive and content analysis method. findings indicate that nizami, a master of sciences and other languages, especially arabic, had access to historical, geographical, literary, philosophical, and mythical works of other nations. anecdotes and events of his iskandernāme are taken from the works or their translations combined with his rhetorical talent that adorn and composed them through some changes therefrom. introductionthe adventures of alexander are known as the &legend of alexander&. there exist many versions of persian iskandernāme in verse and prose, native and courtly languages. the alexander chronicles are not based on historical sources, but on his life and deeds, written in greek, probably composed in alexandria between the 3rd century bc and the 3rd century ad, to be attributed later to callisthenes. because this attribution proved to be wrong, its author was the false callisthenes. the greek text was translated into latin in the 4th century ad and from there, it spread to all the native languages of europe. in time approximation, it was translated into syriac and probably into pahlavi, and the syriac version became the main source of translations in the languages of the middle east and central and south asia. this legend introduced to china and southeast asia became one of the most popular documents known. many versions distanced from the original story of the false callisthenes are narrated by persian-language poets and storytellers and are iranianized to a certain degree. nizami iskandernāme, composed in 599 a.h., 1220 ac in two books sharafnāmeh and iqbalnāmeh/khiradnāmeh. the content of iqbalnāmeh is almost similar to a portion of the legendary narrative which is about another character. the story ends with a moral interpretation of alexander’s arrival in rome. the iqbalnāmeh content is about alexander the prophet, while shrafnāmeh content is about alexander the conqueror. method and materialthe method adopted in this study is analytic based on the sources of iskandernāme. after extracting the source books and the involved names by assessing the sources and finding related points, the origin of many of his quotations or remarks remains questionable. discussion and resultmany of the stories and anecdotes of khamsa nizami and especially iskandernameh are taken from different oral and written sources, historical and fictional texts, legends, and myths, in persian, arabic, and other languages, to which nizami in his way, had direct and indirect access. with a more detailed assessment of his works, the hidden parameters of some unknown sources are revealed to some extent, thus, the main objective of this study. in this process, the volume of nizami’s references to the authentic works of the past, their adaptation, and the connections between the texts of the nations and his performance in developing, and explaining the stories, traditions, and legends in this mathnavi can be achieved through the analysis and research of the text is of high necessity.the first motivation of nizami in composing iskandernāme is the shāhnāma and the other is the quran. the issue of exaggeration and fantasy and favor pushed them to poetics by aristotle. the scientific books mentioned at the beginning of iqbālnāma are the geography by ptolemy or his almagest, risāla fi al-tathīr al-rūhanyāt fi al-morakkabāt by apollonius, and sefer torah. nizami ganjavi has composed iskandernāme which the three confrontations: a conqueror, a sage, and a prophet are of concern. in this study: 1) by extracting the details that nizami gave in his iskandernāme, which is believed must be a reference to scientific, literary, philosophical, religious, and fictional works or their authors, and 2) by referring to the existing works, it is sought to determine that the main references and sources or their translations are identified and introduced by applying a descriptive and analytic method. sources like astamaxis, kitāb al-ulūf by abu ma’shar of balkh, ghāyat al-hakim (known as picatrix) by majriṭi, republic by plato, encyclopedia of  brethren of purity, utopia by farabi, mīzan al-’amal by ghazzali, and vafayat ai-a’yan by ibn khallikān are of concern in this process.