معرفی «ادبیات تاریخی» به عنوان یکی از انواع ادبی فارسی (با تکیه بر تاریخ بلعمی، تاریخ بیهقی، تاریخ جهانگشای جوینی، تاریخ وصاف)

یکی از مسائلی که ناقدان ادبی از قدیم به‌ آن‌ توجه داشته‌اند تقسیم‌بندی آثار ادبی براساس انواع ادبی است. در تعاریف انواع ادبی، آثار را به گروه‌های مشخص طبقه‌بندی می‌کنند. از این طریق، به خوبی می توان ماهیّت آثار ادبی را شناخت، ارزش هر اثر ادبی را نسبت به سازگاری‌ آن‌ با‌ ویژگی‌های نوعیِ از پیش مقرر شده تعیین کرد، علل‌ و عوامل بروز و ظهور انواع را پی برد و نیرو یافتن یا ضعف و از بین رفتن آنها را در دوره ه‌ای ادبی و تاریخی مختلف، بررسی کرد. متون ادب فارسی را نیز به انواع گوناگونی تقسیم کرده اند مانند: ادبیات حماسی، ادبیات تعلیمی، ادبیات غنایی؛ البته محققان دربارۀ معرفی برخی از انواع ادبی دیگر هم، تحقیقات مستقلی انجام داده اند. در پژوهش‌های انجام شده، تاکنون تکلیف متونی همچون تاریخ بلعمی، تاریخ بیهقی، تاریخ جهانگشای جوینی، تاریخ وصاف و آثاری از این دست که تمییز صبغۀ تاریخی آنها از رنگ و ارزش ادبیشان دشوار و حتی غیر ممکن است، روشن نشده است و هیچ گاه این متون به عنوان یک مجموعۀ واحد بررسی نشده اند تا هم ویژگی های کلی و مشترکشان بررسی شود و هم دسته بندی دقیقی از شاخه ها و زیرشاخه های گوناگون آن به عنوان «نوع ادبی مستقل» ارائه گردد. به نظر می رسد به دلیل وجود برخی ویژگی های مشترک بین متن های تاریخی و همچنین به دلیل تمایزهای این متون با آثار دیگر انواع ادبی، می توان آنها را یک نوع ادبی مستقل به حساب آورد و نام آن نوع را «ادبیات تاریخی» نهاد، هم چنین ویژگی های این نوع ادبی جدید را مشخص کرد و تعریفی از آن ارائه داد.

introducing historical literature as one of the persian literary genres by relying on the histories of bal’ami, beyhaqi, jahāngoshā jovini, and wasāf

the categorization of literary works has been and is a focal point for literary critics since ancient times. persian literary texts are categorized into epic, didactic, and lyrical literature genres, while, there have been independent studies on the introduction of other literary genres. to date, the role of texts, like the histories of bal’ami, bayhaqi, jovini jahāngoshā, and wasāf, which blur the lines between their historical and literary values, has not been clearly defined. these texts have not been assessed collectively to identify their common characteristics to establish a precise categorization of their genres and sub-genres as an &independent literary genre.& due to the shared features among historical texts and their being different from other literary works, they can be considered an independent literary type termed &historical literature.& the objective of this study is to define the characteristics of this new literary genre and provide a comprehensive categorization. introductioncategorization of literary works has been and is a serious concern for european critics, dating back to ancient times as evidenced by aristotle’s poetics and alike. aristotle categorized the poetry works into comedy, tragedy, and epic. in the early 20th century, russian formalists further developed discussions on the genre approach to literature, consequently, the study of literary genres shifted towards a constructionist perspective, to identify the contributions and variables associated with each one of the literary genres. method and materialthe method adopted in this study is descriptive-analytic, to assess a specific type of persian literary work, without exclusively relying on a western model. zabihullāh safā has conducted one of the most comprehensive studies on the epic literary genre in iran. his valuable book outlines a detailed method for examining a literary genre. by applying this method to assess the selected historical texts here, the author has identified the defining characteristics of this literary genre and introduced historical literature as a distinct literary genre in the persian language. findingsas to the findings, the historical texts of bal’ami, bayhaqi, jovini jahāngoshā, and wasāf as the constituents of an independent literary genre termed &historical literature are identified.& these texts, which share historical and literary values, are collectively assessed to establish a precise classification of their genres and sub-genres. in this study, the characteristics of this new literary genre are identified and a comprehensive classification is made to shed light on the shared features among historical texts and their distinctions from other literary works. this would contribute to a deeper understanding of persian literary genres and enrich the scholarly discourse on the subject. result, discussion and conclusionhistorical literature as a literary genre engulfs narrative accounts with a historical-political perimeter, a literary-mythological essence, and specific functions. historians in this genre typically present relatively objective events, often by focusing on courtly affairs, because most authors were affiliated with the court and authorities, thus, their immediate major audience which then led to a more general public.the narrative format is outstanding due to its primary characteristic of historical literature. this format saturates history with a logical and coherent structure, transforming it into a narrative tale from the past. the content of this genre predominantly revolves around individuals and events associated with the court. outside the court in the ascending social hierarchy, historians had less tendency toward lower social groups. another key aspect of this genre was the authors’ personality, who often appeared as narrators and witness to the events. initially, the audience for this genre was primarily composed of kings, princes, courtiers, and the elite. the majority of the populace was either illiterate or could not afford such literary works.