تحلیل درّۀ نادره برپایه‌ رویکرد تحلیل گفتمانی فرکلاف

تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی یکی از شیوه‌های جدید تحلیل متن است. در این شیوه برای استخراج مناسبات قدرت و ایدئولوژی از لایه‌های زیرین متن، افزون‌بر توجه به ویژگی‌های آوایی و زبانی و ادبی متن، به عوامل بیرون از متن بافت موقعیّتی و فرهنگی و اجتماعی نیز توجه می‌شود. این پژوهش با هدف یافتن راهبردهای کلامی مطرح در رویکرد فرکلاف در درّۀ نادره، تبیین نقش این راهبردها یا الگوهای گفتمانی در شکل‌گیری سبک خاص متن و یافتن گفتمان حاکم بر کتاب برپایه‌ ویژگی‌های تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی انجام شده ‌است. این مقاله به روش تحلیل محتوا و با شیوۀ تلفیقی (هم کمّی و هم کیفی) صورت گرفته ‌است. جامعۀ آماری این پژوهش متن کامل کتاب درّۀ نادره است. نمونه‌گیری به روش تصادفی سامانمند، انتخاب و حجم نمونه برپایۀ فرمول کوکران محاسبه شده ‌است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد می‌توان در لایه‌های زیرین درّۀ نادره به مناسبات قدرت دست یافت. بررسی درّۀ نادره ازنظر واژگان، دستور و انسجام نشان داد ویژگی‌های مدّنظر رویکرد فرکلاف، در چارچوب ارزش‌های گوناگون صوری در این متن وجود دارد. در سطح تفسیر و تببین نیز نمودهای بافت موقعیّتی و مناسبات قدرت و ایدئولوژی در متن درّۀ نادره کاملاً آشکار است.

Discourse Analysis of Dorraye Nadere based on Fairclough’s Discourse Analysis Approach

One of the new methods of text analysis is critical discourse analysis. In this way, in order to derive the relations of power and ideology from the underlying layers of the text, in addition to paying attention to the phonetic, linguistic, and literary features of the text, factors outside the context, namely situational, cultural, and social contexts are also considered. The purpose of this study was to explore the verbal strategies proposed by Fairclough in Dorraye Nadere, to explain the role of these strategies or discourse patterns in shaping the specific style of the text, and to find the dominant discourse in the book based on the characteristics of critical discourse analysis. This study was conducted by using the content analysis method with an integrated method (both qualitative and quantitative ways). The statistical population of the present study was the full text of Dorraye Nadere book. The sampling method was randomly selected and the sample size was calculated based on Cochran’s formula. The findings of the study indicated that the text of Dorraye Nadere has discursive structures so that power relations can be achieved in the lower layers. An examination of the Dorraye Nadere from the point of view of vocabulary, grammar, and cohesion showed that the characteristics considered in Fairclough’s approach were within the framework of various formal values in this text. At the level of interpretation, the manifestations of temporal texture and the relationship between power and ideology were quite evident in the text ofDorraye Nadere. Introduction One of the most tumultuous periods in the history of Iran is the last years of the Safavid era the entire Afsharid period. Various historians have reported on that period. One of the most famous of them was Mirza Mehdi Khan Estarabadi. A number of factors have contributed making the works of Mirza Mehdi Khan special. First of all, he lived in the same age and was at the heart of events. Furthermore, he was aware of the internal events of the era, as he was both the official secretary and the official historian of the era. The other issue is Mirza Mahdi’s technical prose which has made Dorraye Nadere one of the most complex Persian texts that has its own stylistic attractive features. In the present study, the investigation of the aforementioned book was considered in order to reach the underlying layers of the text of that book by using one of the theories of text analysis, namely, critical discourse analysis.   Materials Methods This research was done by the content analysis method with a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. The statistical society of the present study was the text of the book Dorraye Nadere. In this study, the authors have considered the whole statistical population that was based on systematic random sampling methods (systematic or regular) and have dealt with a part of the text. In this study, the statistical population size included 719 pages and the statistical sample size was 250.5; therefore, the sampling interval was 2.87. Then, between 1 and K, a number was randomly selected, and then the next units or individuals were selected with K distance from the same number; therefore, pages; 1, 4, 7, 10 ... were considered as the examples of this research. But, because in literary research, the sequence and coherence of speech are important for achieving the goal, and breaking the word into 1page, 4page pieces does not seem very reasonable, the 719page text was divided into eight 90page sections. Then, according to the volume of the extracted samples using Cochran’s formula, which was almost onethird of the text, the initial third of every 90 pages (i.e. 32 pages) was selected. Therefore, 256 pages of the 719page text form included the volume of the sample study.   Discussion of Results Conclusions Critical discourse analysis is one of the new methods of text analysis. In this way, in addition to paying attention to the phonetic, linguistic and literary features of the text, the factors outside the text (situational, cultural and social context) are also considered with the aim of extracting powerideology relations from the lower layers of the text. One of the most important approaches in this regard is the approach of Fairclough, an English linguist. In his view, discourse analysis is examined at three levels: description, interpretation, and explanation. It seems that the goal of Fairclough for the division of the critical discourse analysis into three parts is to approach the theoretical basis of the intended approach, otherwise, in practice, the distinction between these three stages may not be very open to reaching the discourse embedded in the text. Therefore, as the researcher describes the text, in order to clarify the discourse, it is necessary to consider the interpretation and explanation as well. In the present study, it has been tried to interpret and explain to some extent at the same stage of the description on the basis of this point and to avoid distancing oneself from other researchers’ methods. The stages of interpretation and explanation should be independent as two parts, after the description. Examining Dorraye Nadere from the perspective of words showed that the features considered in the Fairclough’s approach were within the framework of various formal values in this text. There were several words considering the experimental value of words (phrasal or antithetical expression, extreme phrasing, and main semantic relations), the value of the relation of words (euphemism), and the expressive value of words (metaphor). In grammatical studies of the examined sample, from the perspective of verbal processes, 1040 verbs (equal to 53.06% of verbs) out of 1960 verbs have been assigned to actions. This showed that the author was not passive in expressing events. He was biased instead in his speech. Considering the fact that Dorraye Nadere is a historical text and the doer of the action is recognized in historical reports, the number of active sentences include 1875, while it is 85 for the passive verbs.  Also, given that positive sentences are naturally used more than negative sentences in speech and writing, the situation is similar in Dorraye Nadere (1870 positive verbs versus 90 negative verbs). The study of the section showed that out of the total of 1960 verbs in this section, 1797 verbs, that is, 91.6% of the verbs, were predicative. Also, the author has used the tools of probability and certainty in accordance with his intended content and has induced the desired aspect. During the Safavid and Afsharid eras, Iran’s economy was based on agriculture. The heavy taxes were levied on farmers. In addition to relying on the booty, Nader also considered raising taxes to cover the costs of his campaigns, which worsened the economic situation of the people day by day. Among the negative social characteristics of Nader period and, of course, his own traits, we can mention his attention to the slander of the speakers, the appointment of incompetent people instead of the deserving ones, and the violence and cruelty of his heart. Most of the prefaces of Dorraye Nadere are from the Holy Quran and the verses and narrations of the Infallibles (AS). In addition, these texts are full of Persian and Arabic poems and proverbs. Nader Shah made changes both in the structure of power and in the ruling ideology. Nader had realized that leaving the hands of the pillars of power (militarylordly classes, local rulers, bureaucrats, and clerics) might be a problem for him. So, he seriously restricted the influence of these classes. Nader’s works in limiting the power of the first three classes were not difficult, but reducing the influence of the clergy was not easy given their spiritual status. Nader said that changing the official religion was the best way to make this possible.