evaluation of helicobacter pylori-derived outer membrane vesicles on the expression of inflammatory cytokines

Background and objectives: helicobacter pylori infection has been increasingly linked to extra-gastric diseases. outer membrane vesicles are a key virulence factor of h. pylori. this study investigates the influence of h. pylori-derived outer membrane vesicles on inflammatory marker expression in human hepatoma cells (hepg2).materials and methods: outer membrane vesicles were isolated through ultracentrifugation and characterized using dynamic light scattering technique (dls) and a field emission scanning electron microscope (fe-sem). protein concentrations were measured via the bradford assay. hepg2 cells treated with outer membrane vesicles were analyzed for il-6, tnf-α, tlr-4, tgf-β, and ppar-γ mrna expression by rt-qpcr. cell viability was assessed through an mtt assay. the prevalence of h. pylori virulence-associated genes (baba2, saba, and oipa) was determined by pcr.results: the results showed a high prevalence of saba (91.7%), baba2 (75%), and oipa (66.7%). fe-sem and dls analyses confirmed the presence of bleb-shaped nanovesicles ranging in size from 50 to 450 nm. h. pylori-derived outer membrane vesicles significantly upregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory markers (tlr-4, ppar-γ, tnf-α, and il-6), while downregulating tgf-β expression.conclusion: these findings underscore the potential role of nanoparticles in driving inflammatory responses and influencing host cell signaling, which may play a key role in liver-related pathologies.