antibacterial activity of shallots (allium xwakegi araki.) cultivars in palu valley against salmonella typhi atcc 27870 through in vitro and in silico evaluation

Background and objectives: shallots, recognized for their minimal toxicity, cost-effectiveness, and widespread availability, are increasingly considered a viable source of biological activity. this study evaluates the antibacterial efficacy of a specific shallot cultivar from palu valley, indonesia, against salmonella typhi, the pathogen responsible for typhoid fever.materials and methods: utilizing thin-layer chromatography (tlc-bioautography) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (gc-ms), the study identifies active compounds in shallot ethanol extract and employs molecular docking to assess interactions between receptors and ligands.results: findings indicate significant antibacterial activity, with a notable inhibition zone diameter of 31.5 mm at spot rf 0.28 in tlc bioautography and an optimum concentration of 2% yielding an average clear zone diameter of 28.27 mm in the agar diffusion test. gc-ms analysis reveals 41 compounds, predominantly dodecanoic acid and 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester. additionally, molecular docking reveals the lowest binding affinity (-7.3 kcal/mol) for ergost-8-en-3-ol, 14-methyl-, (3.beta,5.alpha.) against dna gyrase.conclusion: this study confirms palu valley shallot extract's potent antibacterial effect against salmonella typhi, highlighting its therapeutic potential.