diversity of biofilm-specific antimicrobial resistance genes in pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered from various clinical isolates

Background and objectives: the resistance of pseudomonas aeruginosa to antibiotics offers a significant challenge in the treatment of patients. this study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile, biofilm-specific antimicrobial resistance genes, and genetic diversity of p. aeruginosa recovered from clinical samples. materials and methods: totally 47 non-duplicate isolates of p. aeruginosa were recovered from various clinical samples. toxa, algd, ndvb, and tssc1 genes were detected in biofilm-producing isolates. the dna sequences of the toxa and tssc1 genes were analyzed, by creating phylogenetic trees. results: the findings revealed that 30 (63.8%) of the isolates tested positive for extended spectrum β-lactamase (esbl), whereas 31 (65.9%) tested positive for metallo-β-lactamase (mbl) and all of the isolates presented the toxa genes, and 19.1%,17%, 6.3% presented by algd, ndvb and tssc1 genes. besides, the phylogenetic trees of the toxa and tssc1 gene isolates suggested a genotype that was closely aligned with others. gene sequencing similarity revealed 99% identity with other isolates deposited in genbank. conclusion: the occurrence of toxa was most prevalent. one isolate was recorded as a novel isolate in the global gene bank as a locally isolated strain from the city of erbil that has never been identified in global isolates due to genetic variation.