a comparative analysis of models for assessing the effectiveness of agricultural training courses

Assessing the effectiveness of agricultural training courses has long been a crucial subject for planners and decision-makers. a significant gap in the literature exists due to the lack of recognized models and frameworks for evaluating the effectiveness of these courses. in this context, the present study aimed to conduct a scoping review and comparative analysis of existing models for assessing the effectiveness of agricultural training programs. the study identified 17 models used for evaluation and established eight criteria for comparing these frameworks. the scoring and ranking of these models revealed that the phillips return on investment model is among the most optimal for assessing the effectiveness of agricultural training courses. based on the criteria established in this study, the phillips model offers a more realistic approach for evaluating the effectiveness of agricultural training courses. notably, the findings indicate that, apart from the phillips model, none of the other frameworks explicitly consider return on investment, while it is not possible to assess the effectiveness of agricultural training without calculating the return on investment.