exploring interpersonal relationship of female patients with persistent depressive disorder: a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach

Background: persistent depressive disorder (pdd) is a chronic problem that is more prevalent among women than men. various studies have revealed that these people experience many problems in their interpersonal relationships, which increase their suffering.objectives: the present study was done to identify how people suffering from pdd experience interpersonal relationships that often seem troubled and broken.methods: a phenomenological approach was adopted for this qualitative study. for this purpose, in-depth interviews were conducted with 21 individuals with pdd, focusing on exploring their experience and suffering in interpersonal relationships. all interviews were recorded and transcribed, and the transcripts were analyzed using giorgi’s phenomenological descriptive method.results: in general, five main themes and 16 sub-themes emerged. the main themes were: (1) feeling empty of love and compassion; (2) feeling ignored; (3) ignoring others’ needs, conditions, and suffering; (4) feeling of being annoying to others; and (5) feeling confused and helpless in relationships.conclusions: it seems that all five themes convey the message that these individuals demonstrate less skill in feeling compassion and receiving it from others. therefore, it appears that long-term compassion-based interventions can effectively reduce the interpersonal suffering of these individuals. it should be noted that although these themes have commonalities in different cultural contexts, the culture can influence the content and intensity of these feelings.