alcohol, cannabinoids, and opioids abuse and dependence among psychiatric inpatients

Background: while substance abuse among psychiatric patients is a widely known problem in clinical practice, there is no local study about prevalence and co-occurrence of substance abuse in north of iran. objectives: the present study was designed to determine the frequency of smoking, alcohol, opioid and cannabinoid substances, and prescription medicines abuse or dependence among psychiatric inpatients. patients and methods: a cross-sectional 2-year case register study was conducted on all (n = 492) psychiatric inpatients of zare psychiatric hospital in sari located in north of iran. the data were obtained by using a standardized and validated questionnaire that contained demographic information along with information on co-morbid psychiatric problems and alcohol, cannabinoids, opioids, and cigarette usage. results: the mean (± sd) age of samples was 39.9 (± 11.9) years and male:female ratio was 3.6. opium with or without using other illicit substances was the most frequently abused substance (67%). significant association were found between illicit substance abuse and demographic variables of male gender, a low level of literacy, living in the urban area, unemployment, cigarette smoking, and young age. there were statistically significant association between schizophrenia and substance abuse (p < 0.001). conclusion: high prevalence of dual diagnosis warrants attention to the management of substance misuse while treating mental disorders, and should be incorporated in the holistic treatment plan of psychiatric inpatients.