neurostimulation as a putative method for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in patient and animal models of epilepsy

A patient with epilepsy was shown to have neurobiological, psychological, cognitive, and social issues as a result of recurring seizures, which is regarded as a chronic brain disease. however, despite numerous drug treatments, approximately, 30%-40% of all patients are resistant to antiepileptic drugs. therefore, newer therapeutic modalities are introduced into clinical practice which involve neurostimulation and direct stimulation of the brain. hence, we review published literature on vagus nerve stimulation, trigeminal nerve stimulation, applying responsive stimulation systems, and deep brain stimulation (dbs) in animals and epileptic patient with an emphasis on drug-resistant epilepsy.