neurofeedback training versus perceptual-motor exercises interventions in visual attention for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized controlled trial

Introduction: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd) is one of the most common childhood psychiatric disorders characterized by poor attention and subsequently lower learning abilities than normal children. this study aimed to compare the effectiveness of neurofeedback and perceptual-motor exercises as two common nonpharmacological treatments for visual attention. methods: a total of 40 combined medicated adhd children (aged 5-12 years) were randomly allocated into two groups: neurofeedback training and perceptual-motor exercises. visual attention and motor proficiency were assessed before and after the treatment by continuous performance test (cpt) and bruininks-oseretsky test (bot), respectively. results: according to repeated measures analysis of variance (anova), both groups showed significant improvement in three attention-related areas of cpt, including reaction time, omission, and commission errors (p<0.001), while the difference between the two groups was not significant (p>0.05). however, in the perceptual-motor exercises group, motor proficiency improved significantly (p<0.01). conclusion: neurofeedback training intervention, as well as perceptual-motor exercises, are effective in improving adhd symptoms, and given the similar effect of both interventions and their lack of side effects, perceptual-motor exercises appear to be the more appropriate option for reducing symptoms of adhd, because of its additional effect on motor proficiency, rich content of purposeful activities, and social interactions.