role of the choroid in age‑related macular degeneration: a current review

Age‑related macular degeneration (amd) is a major cause of vision loss in the developed world and its pathogenesis is a topic of active research. to date, much study has been focused on the role of the retinal pigment epithelium (rpe) and bruch’s membrane (brm) in amd pathogenesis, but the role of the choroid has also been investigated. in this review, we focus on recent advancements in research in the role of the choroid in amd, beginning with an exploration of the histopathologic, cellular and molecular changes that occur in the choroid in amd and concluding by discussing new choroidal imaging techniques and patterns seen on fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, spectral‑domain optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography. exploring these domains will lead to a better understanding of the factors at play beyond the outer retina in this important disease.