Risk factors for pterygium in Ilam Province,Iran

Purpose: to evaluate the risk factors for pterygium in the dry,high altitude province of ilam,iran. methods: the study included patients who presented to ophthalmology clinic. the patients were divided into two groups: 210 diagnosed with pterygium or pinguecula (unilateral or bilateral),and 210 healthy controls. demographic variables,living environment,disease type,disease laterality,family history of pterygium as well as history of smoking,working outdoors,baking,welding,ocular conditions (trachoma keratopathy,glaucoma,refractive error,and dry eye),use of glasses,ultraviolet light exposure,and systemic conditions were collected from both groups and compared for risk assessment. results: univariate analysis revealed that age (p = 0.001),sex (p = 0.001),family history of pterygium (p = 0.001),positive history of smoking (p < 0.001),history of baking (p = 0.045),welding experience (p < 0.001),severe blepharitis (p < 0.001),hyperopia (p < 0.001),dry eye (p < 0.001),hypertension (p < 0.001),ischemic heart disease (p < 0.001),obesity (p = 0.038),and primary residential area (p = 0.025) had significant associations with increased incidence of pterygium. however,in multivariate analysis,only family history of pterygium,cigarette smoking,history of baking,age,and severe blepharitis were significantly associated with the incidence of pterygium (p< 0.001,p< 0.001,p = 0.002,p = 0.023 and p = 0.002,respectively). conclusion: this study tested more risk factors related to the prevalence of pterygium compared to previous studies. it also confirmed previously established risk factors. family history of pterygium and blepharitis were risk factors that have not been reported in previous studies and were found to be significantly associated with the development of pterygium in this study. malekifar parviz 1 ophthalmic research center,shahid beheshti university of medical sciences,tehran esfandiari hamed 2 ophthalmic research center,shahid beheshti university of medical sciences,tehran behnaz nazanin 3 ophthalmic research center,shahid beheshti university of medical sciences,tehran javadi fatemeh 4 ophthalmic research center,shahid beheshti university of medical sciences,tehran azish sima 5 faculty of medicine,ilam university of medical sciences,ilam javadi mohammad 6 ophthalmic research center,shahid beheshti university of medical sciences,tehran kalantarion masumeh 7 department of medical education,school of medical education,shahid beheshti university of medical sciences,tehran buratto l,phillips rl,carito g,editors. pterygium surgery. thorofare,nj: slack inc.; 2000. p. 21-25. coster d. pterygium: an ophthalmic enigma. br j ophthalmol 1995;79:304-305. jaros pa,deluise vp. pingueculae and pterygia. surv ophthalmol 1988;33:41-49. taylor hr. aetiology of climatic droplet keratopathy and pterygium. br j ophthalmol 1980;64:154-163. kanski jj. clinical ophthalmology: a synopsis. 6th ed. oxford: butterworth-heinemann ltd.; 2007. p. 242-243. shiroma h,higa a,sawaguchi s,iwase a,tomidokoro a,amano s,araie m. prevalence and risk factors of pterygium in a southwestern island of japan: the kumejima study. am j ophthalmol 2009;148:766-771. wong ty,foster pj,johnson gj,seah sk,tan dt. the prevalence and risk factors for pterygium in an adult chinese population in singapore: the tanjong pagar survey. am j ophthalmol 2001;131:176-183. fotouhi a,hashemi h,khabazkhoob m,mohammad k. prevalence and risk factors of pterygium and pinguecula: the tehran eye study. eye (lond) 2009;23:1125-1129. cajucom-uy h,tong l,wong ty,tay wt,saw sm. the prevalence of and risk factors for pterygium in an urban malay population: the singapore malay eye study (simes). br j ophthalmol 2010;94:977-981. west s,munoz b. prevalence of pterygium in latinos: proyecto ver. br j ophthalmol 2009;93:1287-1290. panchapakesan j,hourihan f,mitchell p. prevalence of pterygium and pinguecula: the blue mountains eye study. aust n z j ophthalmol 1998;26(suppl 1):s2-s5. norn ms. prevalence of pinguecula in greenland and in copenhagen,and its relation to pterygium and spheroid degeneration. acta ophthalmol (copenh) 1979;57:96-105. lu j,wang z,lu p,chen x,zhang w,shi k,et al. pterygium in an aged mongolian population: a population-based study in china. eye (lond) 2009;23:421-427. tan cs,lim th,koh wp,liew gc,hoh st,tan cc,et al. epidemiology of pterygium on a tropical island in the riau archipelago. eye (lond) 2006;20:908-912. ashaye ao. pterygium in ibadan. west afr j med 1991;10:232-43. gazzard g,saw sm,farook m,koh d,widjaja d,chia se,et al. pterygium in indonesia: prevalence,severity and risk factors. br j ophthalmol 2002;86:1341-1346. nemesure b,wu sy,hennis a,leske mc. nine-year incidence and risk factors for pterygium in the barbados eye studies. ophthalmology 2008;115:2153-2158. saw sm,banerjee k,tan d. risk factors for the development of pterygium in singapore: a hospital-based case-control study. acta ophthalmol scand 2000;78:216-220. threlfall tj,english dr. sun exposure and pterygium of the eye: a dose-response curve. am j ophthalmol 1999;128:280-287. khoo j,saw sm,banerjee k,chia se,tan d. outdoor work and the risk of pterygia: a case-control study. int ophthalmol 1998;22:293-298. lu p,chen x,kang y,ke l,wei x,zhang w. pterygium in tibetans: a population-based study in china. clin experiment ophthalmol 2007;35:828-833. ma k,xu l,jie y,jonas jb. prevalence of and factors associated with pterygium in adult chinese: the beijing eye study. cornea 2007;26:1184-1186. detels r,dhir sp. pterygium: a geographical study. arch ophthalmol 1967;78:485-491. asokan r,venkatasubbu rs,velumuri l,lingam v,george r. prevalence and associated factors for pterygium and pinguecula in a south indian population. ophthalmic physiol opt 2012;32:39-44. viso e,gude f,rodriguez-ares mt. prevalence of pinguecula and pterygium in a general population in spain. eye (lond) 2011;25:350-357. rezvan f,hashemi h,emamian mh,kheirkhah a,shariati m,khabazkhoob m,et al. the prevalence and determinants of pterygium and pinguecula in an urban population in shahroud,iran. acta med iran 2012;50:689-696. rim th,nam j. kim ek,kim ti. risk factors associated with pterygium and its subtypes in korea: the korean national health and nutrition examination survey 2008-2010. cornea 2013;32:962-970. song e,sun hp,xu y,pan cw. cigarette smoking and pterygium: a propensity score matching analysis. optom vis sci 2016;93:466-470. sun lp,lv w,liang yb,friedman ds,yang xh,guo lx,et al. the prevalence of and risk factors associated with pterygium in a rural adult chinese population: the handan eye study. ophthalmic epidemiol 2013;20:148-154. marmamula s,khanna rc,gullapalli rn. population based assessment of prevalence and risk factors for pterygium in south indian state of andhra pradesh: the andhra pradesh eye disease study (apeds). invest ophthalmol cis sci 2013:iovs. 13-12529v1. rong ss,peng y,liang yb,cao d,jhanji v. does cigarette smoking alter the risk of pterygium? a systematic review and meta-analysis. invest ophthalmol vis sci 2014;55:6235-6243. anguria p,kitinya j,ntuli n,carmichael t. the role of heredity in pterygium development. int j ophthalmol 2014;7:563-573. © 2017 journal of ophthalmic and vision research published by wolters kluwer - medknow.