بررسی و تجزیه و تحلیل آکوستیکی صدای معلمان دوره ی ابتدایی

زﻣﯿﻨﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎن اﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺻﺪای ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ در ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻫﺎی ﺷﻠﻮغ ﮐﻼس ﺻﺪا ﺑﺪون در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﺳﺘﺮاﺣﺖ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺑﺮای ﭼﯿﻦ ﻫﺎی ﺻﻮﺗﯽ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد، ﮔﺮوه ﺷﻐﻠﯽ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﯾﻞ و ﻣﺸﮑﻼت اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی، اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و ﺳﻼﻣﺘﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻫﺪف از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﻌﺪادی از ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎی آﮐﻮﺳﺘﯿﮑﯽ در ﺻﺪای پ ﮔﺮوﻫﯽ از ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎن زن و ﻣﺮد دوره اﺑﺘﺪاﯾﯽ در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﻤﺘﺎی ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ اﺳﺖ. روش ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ: ﮔﺮوه ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 30 ﻣﻌﻠﻢ دوره اﺑﺘﺪاﯾﯽ، 15 زن و 15 ﻣﺮد، در داﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻨﯽ 40-35 ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﺗﺪرﯾﺲ 15-10 ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﮔﺮوه ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﻣﺘﺸﮑﻞ از 30 ﻓﺮد ﺑﺰرﮔﺴﺎل ﺑﺎ داﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻨﯽ 40-35 ﺳﺎل(15 ﻣﺮد و 15 زن) ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﻧﺒﻮده و در ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻠﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ای از ﺻﺪا ﻧﻤﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ(ﭘﺮﺳﺘﺎر، ﺧﺎﻧﻪ دار و...) ﻣﺸﻐﻮل ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﺿﺒﻂ و ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎی ﺻﺪا ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار praat اﻧﺠﺎم ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺖ. از ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮد ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ واﮐﻪ /a/ را ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از زﯾﺮ و ﺑﻤﯽ، ﺑﻠﻨﺪی و ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﺻﺪای ﻋﺎدﺗﯽ اش ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ 5 ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ ﺑﮑﺸﺪ و اﯾﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ 5 ﺑﺎر از اﻓﺮاد ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ 5 ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ از ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: در ﮔﺮوه ﻣﺮدان، آزﻣﻮن t و ﯾﻮ ﻣﻦ وﯾﺘﻨﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﺎداری در ﺳﻄﺢ 0,05 ﺑﯿﻦ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎ در ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻫﺎی ﻣﻮﺻﻮف وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد.(در ﺳﻄﺢ 0/05) ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎل،در ﮔﺮوه زﻧﺎن، آزﻣﻮن t ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﺎداری در ﺳﻄﺢ 0/01 ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎن و ﮔﺮوه ﮐﻨﺘﺮل در ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد. ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎن زن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻌﻨﺎداری ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ(190/27 ﻫﺮﺗﺰ) ﮐﻤﺘﺮی از ﮔﺮوه ﮐﻨﺘﺮل(0236/32ﻫﺮﺗﺰ) داﺷﺘﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻫﺎی آﮐﻮﺳﺘﯿﮑﯽ آﺷﻔﺘﮕﯽ در ﮔﺮوه زﻧﺎن ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻣﻌﻨﺎداری ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ﮔﺮوه ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻮد.( 0/05=p) ﻧﻈﯿﺮ اﯾﻦ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ را در ﻣﻮرد ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻫﺎرﻣﻮﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺰ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان دﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ در زﻧﺎن ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻣﻌﻨﺎداری ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ﮔﺮوه ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻮد. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮی: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎن زن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎن ﻣﺮد ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺛﺒﺎت ﺻﺪای ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮی ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ آﮐﻮﺳﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﺻﺪا ﺑﺮای ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎن ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ در ﻣﻌﺎﯾﻨﻪ اﺑﺰاری اﯾﻦ ﮔﺮوه ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺴﺰاﯾﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ درﺑﺎره ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﻓﺮدی در ﺛﺒﺎت آواﺳﺎزی ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ، ﺿﺮوری اﺳﺖ.

Objective voice analysis in elementary school teachers

Introduction. The aim of the present study was to examine a number of vocal acoustic parameters in a group of male and female elementary school teachers in comparison to their normal peers. Materials and Methods. Fifteen female and 15 male primary schoolteachers in the age range of 35–40 years with 15 years teaching experience volunteered to participate in the study. The control group consisted of similar age who they were not teacher (15 men and 15 women). Recordings and audio signal analyses were carried out using Praat software. Each subject was asked to sustain the vowel /^a/ using habitual and constant vocal pitch, loudness, and quality for at least 5 seconds. Five tokens from each subject were obtained. Results. For the male subjects, the results indicated no significant difference (at the 0.05 level) for each variable between the two groups. However, for the female subjects, t tests showed significant differences between the teachers and the nonteacher controls in all parameters at the 0.01 level. The female teachers had significantly lower F0 (190.27 Hz) than the control group (236.32 Hz). Also, for the perturbation acoustic parameters (jitter% and shimmer%) and harmonicstonoise ratio the female teacher group had significantly higher values than their corresponding control group. Discussion.The results indicate that female teachers appear to be more susceptible to voice stability change than the male teachers. Also, acoustic analysis of voice for teachers may significantly contribute to the objective voice examination of this group.