the beneficial effect of freeze-dried sumac extract on inflammation induced by complete freund’s adjuvant

Given the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of brown sumac extract, it is hypothesized that it may mitigate inflammation associated with complete freund’s adjuvant. to investigate this possibility, the present study employed a model of arthritis to examine the effects of freeze-dried sumac extract. the effects of sumac extract were evaluated in both healthy and wistar rats with induced arthritis. healthy rats received oral administrations of the extract at dosages of 0, 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg for a period of one month. arthritis was induced via freund s adjuvant injection, followed by administration of the same extract dosages from days 12 to 32 post-induction, specifically once the arthritis index exceeded a value of one. the analysis of the extract revealed a total phenolic content of 179.45 ± 3.12 mg/g (expressed as gallic acid equivalents) and a frap antioxidant activity of 101.9 ± 0.98 mmol trolox equivalents/100 g. in healthy rats, the administration of the extract resulted in a dose-dependent increase in serum tac levels, without any observed effects on rbc, wbc, glucose, or cholesterol levels. in arthritic rats, the progression of the disease was attenuated with the administration of the treatment, particularly at dosages of 200 and 400 mg/kg, with the latter demonstrating the lowest arthritis index. the administration of the extract at 200/400 mg/kg led to improvements in anemia through the normalization of wbc counts and the elevation of rbc counts, hb levels, and hct. tac levels were restored in a manner dependent on the administered dose. furthermore, crp and mpo levels exhibited a decrease correlating with increased extract dosage, notably at 200/400 mg/kg. mrna ratios (t-bet/gata-3, t-bet/foxp3, rorγt/foxp3, and rorγt/gata-3) were diminished in arthritic rats, with further reductions observed in rorγt/foxp3 and rorγt/t-bet at the 400 mg/kg dosage. the findings suggest that sumac extract may have the potential to mitigate inflammatory effects.