a novel canine thoracic and pelvic limb acupuncture training models

The aim of this work was to develop and evaluate a realistic, reusable canine acupuncture teaching model using elnady’s plastination technique for training veterinary students at the virginia–maryland college of veterinary medicine (vmcvm). the model was designed to enhance anatomical understanding, facilitate repetitive skill practice, and reduce reliance on live animals in acupuncture training. canine forelimb and hindlimb specimens were prepared using elnady’s plastination technique, preserving soft-tissue pliability and anatomical fidelity. each limb was fitted with a zippered skin sleeve, allowing learners to practice needle placement at acupuncture points with the skin closed, then “unzip” to verify underlying anatomical relationships, including muscle compartments, neurovascular structures, and bony landmarks. the models were integrated into a structured canine acupuncture laboratory session consisting of pre-briefing, guided practice, and supervised repetition. after training, students and instructors completed a survey evaluating model realism, educational value, confidence in anatomical landmark identification, and overall usefulness. survey responses indicated that the models were highly realistic and pedagogically effective. students reported improved confidence in locating acupuncture points and understanding three-dimensional anatomical relationships relevant to safe needle insertion. instructors emphasized the value of immediate anatomical verification, the ability to standardize teaching across multiple groups, and the durability and reusability of the specimens without the constraints of live-animal or traditional cadaver labs. elnady-prepared canine limb specimens with zippered skin access provide a practical, high-fidelity platform for teaching canine acupuncture. this approach enables hands-on practice with direct anatomical confirmation, supports repetitive skill acquisition, and was perceived by both students and instructors as realistic and highly beneficial. it is recommended that similar plastinated models be incorporated into acupuncture and other procedural skills training in veterinary curricula to complement or reduce reliance on live-animal sessions while maintaining strong anatomical rigor.