application of biotechnology in the biodegradation of urban waste to achieve green cities

Urban solid waste has emerged as a critical environmental and public health concern due to the accelerated pace of population growth and rapid urbanization. the continuous increase in organic and inorganic waste production necessitates the implementation of innovative and eco-friendly management strategies. biotechnology offers a range of advanced biological tools (such as microorganisms, enzymes, and bioprocesses) to enhance the degradation and recycling of municipal waste. this article explores key biotechnological approaches including microbial composting, bioremediation, and enzymatic decomposition, with a particular focus on their efficiency and role in sustainable urban waste management. evidence from recent research suggests that these techniques can degrade approximately 70% of organic waste while generating value-added products such as biofertilizers and biogas. this study highlights the importance of integrating biotechnology into municipal planning and policy frameworks to support the transition toward environmentally sustainable and resilient urban systems.