protected cultivation of fruit trees in greenhouses: advances, benefits and emerging challenges

Technological progress and evolving production methods have long influenced the trajectory of agriculture, steadily improving both crop performance and fruit quality. within this continuum of innovation, cultivating fruit trees under greenhouse conditions has emerged as a significant development, offering a reliable means of producing marketable fruit throughout the year—even in regions where environmental conditions are normally unfavorable. as a distinct component of protected horticulture, these systems modify key microclimatic factors to create an environment in which fruit trees can grow efficiently and express their full genetic potential. the rapid adoption of greenhouse fruit systems underscores their relevance in confronting major agricultural constraints such as climate variability, shrinking arable land resources, deteriorating soil health, and the pressures of a growing global population. this review synthesizes current knowledge on fruit tree cultivation within greenhouse environments, examining agronomic advantages, physiological considerations, management practices, and research needs. particular attention is given to how modern innovations such as automated climate control systems, renewable energy integration, and digital monitoring tools can elevate productivity and strengthen system resilience. collectively, these advancements highlight the potential of protected fruit production to play an increasingly important role in sustainable horticulture and future food systems