حفاظت و مرمت اضطراری آرایه‌های معماری اتاق شاه نشین خانه ارم یزد

استحکام‌بخشی اضطراری آرایه‌های معماری در بیشتر مواقع در راستای اهداف مرمت بناهای تاریخی صورت می‌گیرد به همین منظور مرمتگر آرایه‌های معماری می‌بایست شرایط ایمن را از جهت حفظ آرایه‌های موجود در اقدمات مرمت بنا ایجاد کند خانه ارم یزد یکی از بناهای قاجاری شهر یزد بوده و قرار بر احیا و کاربری یافتن دارد؛ این بنا در بخش شاهنشین دارای آرایه‌های گچی آینه و شیشه‌ای و همچنین دیوارنگاره با نقوش گیاهی و کتیبه نوشتاری است به دلیل آسیب‌های موجود در لایه‌های مختلف آرایه‌های معماری این بنا امکان استحکام‌بخشی سازه‌ای و مرمت قسمت‌های فرسوده را برای مرمتگران بنا دشوار کرده بود به طوری که در صورت انجام هر گونه اقدامات مرمت سازه‌ای امکان تخریب آرایه‌های معماری وجود داشت؛ چرا که ترک‌هایی که نشان از حرکت سازه دارد موجب جدایش و سست شدن آرایه‌ها از بخش لایه زیرین خود که شامل تکیه‌گاه (آجر) آستر (کاهگل) و بستر (گچ) شده است که نیازمند استحکام‌بخشی است؛ کل سطح دیوارها به جز دیوار سقف در خانه ارم یزد دارای اندود گچی الحاقی بوده که باعث پنهان شدن بخش‌هایی از آرایه‌های گچی و دیوار نگاره شده است؛ از این رو نیازمند مشخص‌سازی آرایه‌های پنهان در بخش‌های مختلف با انجام سونداژهایی در دیوارهای اتاق شاه نشین خانه ارم یزد است. در برخی از نقاط دیوارها نیازمند استحکام‌بخشی دقیق از جانب مرمتگران ابنیه است ولی در این نقاط گفته شده دیوارنگاره وجود دارد که امکان هر گونه اقدمات استحکام‌بخشی را محدود کرده است. برای این منظور دیوارنگاره‌ها در نقاط ذکر شده می‌بایست از دیوارها جدا و نگهداری شده و بعد از اقدمات استحکام‌بخشی سازه‌ای دوباره به مکان اصلی خود جای گذاری شوند. در این مقاله شرح کامل اقدامات عملی استحکام‌بخشی اضطراری انجام گرفته بر روی آرایه‌ای معماری خانه ارم یزد ارائه شده است.

emergency conservation and restoration of the architectural ornaments of the central room in aeram house, yazd

many projects in the field of protection, conservation and finally restoration of historical monuments are carried out in the country every year, however, there is unfortunately no suitable platform for sharing the practical experiences in this field within the country, which could significantly enhance the quality of these protection and restoration efforts nationwide. emergency reinforcement of architectural ornaments is often necessary during the restoration of historical buildings. for this purpose, the restorer of architectural ornaments must create safe conditions to preserve the existing ornaments during the restoration of the building. eram house in yazd is one of the qajar-era buildings in yazd city that is currently about to be restored and repurposed. this building, in the central room, features plasterwork, mirror and glass ornaments, as well as wall paintings with plant motifs and inscriptions. due to the damage in the various layers of the architectural ornaments restorers faced challenges in reinforcing the structure and restoring the deteriorated parts of the building. structural restoration measures posed a risk of destroying these ornaments; since the cracks indicating structural movement had caused the ornaments to detach and loosen from their underlying layers, which include: support (brick), scratch coat (straw), and top-layer (fine coat), all of which require reinforcement. the entire surface of walls, except for the ceiling wall in the eram house, has an additional layer of gypsum plaster coating, which has obscured parts of the gypsum stucco ornaments and murals. therefore, it is necessary to identify the hidden ornaments in different parts by conducting soundings in the walls of the central room of eram house.in some places, the walls need careful reinforcement by the building restorers. however, the presence of murals in these areas, limits the possibility of any reinforcement measures. thus, the murals at these points should be separated carefully from the walls and preserved. after completing structural reinforcement, the murals should be reinstalled in their original locations. the main goal of this project was to stabilize the existing arrays in the king's room and also to create suitable conditions for any structural restoration interventions in the building. therefore, in line with the projectives objectives as the conditions of placement and considering the placement conditions of works and materials, as well as the type and extent of damage in different parts of the room, an emergency strengthening method was selected. restoration materials were prepared according to each method, as presented in table 1. this article is not a result of comprehensive research. but rather an account of an emergency intervention experience. the intervention focused on a strengthening approach, to achieve the needed stability, allowing building restorers to carry out structural reinforcement and restoration without concern. in this context, understanding the remaining of architectural arrays is crucial, subsequently, key the questions were addressed to guide the restorers: what is the type and extent of the damage? which damages require strengthening at this stage? to what extent should this operation progress? what method should be adopted for each architectural array with various damages? ultimately, emergency strengthening was carried out on the ceiling and walls of the palace, encompassing plaster arrays, mirror and glass arrays, as well as murals. in several parts of the murals, due to the sever condition of the underlying layers (cause by saudi humidity), it was decided to separate the mural pieces. this article provides a detailed, description of the practical emergency reinforcement measures undertaken on the architectural arrays of eram house in yazd.