risk based energy management of renewable based smart ev parking lot

Electric vehicles (evs) have penetrated the modern distribution system in the last decade. on the other hand, renewable energies (re) play a serious task in such micro-grids (mg). a typical mg consists of several distributed energy resources (der) including distributed generations (dgs) and demand response (dr) as well as ev charge/discharge stations. in this paper, optimal charging and discharging strategies based on dr programs are applied to electric vehicle charging stations equipped with renewable energies. to avoid profit loss due to renewable uncertainties, peer-to-peer (p2p) energy bartering between ev charging stations as prosumers are suggested in this paper. hence the management system for the charge and discharge of evs and station batteries, as well as the energy management system (ems) are developed in this paper. to this end firstly developed ems applied to the individual station. secondly, the p2p power transaction was added to the model in order to smoothen volatile uncertain load and renewables. the proposed model is a mixed-integer linear programming (milp) and has been solved by gams/cplex. numerical studies have shown that aggregator deployment is more beneficiary for virtual power plant (vpp).