خوانش بینامتنی مکتوبات کمال‌الدوله آخوندزاده و نامه‌های ایرانی مونتسکیو

اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ رﯾﺸﻪﻫﺎی رﻣﺎن ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺒﻪای در ادﺑﯿﺎت اﯾﺮان و ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮرﺧﺎ ص، ﻣﮑﺘﻮﺑﺎت ﮐﻤﺎلاﻟﺪوﻟﻪ اﺛﺮ ﻣﯿﺮزا ﻓﺘﺤﻌﻠﯽ آﺧﻮﻧﺪزاده ﻣﯽﭘﺮدازد. آﺧﻮﻧﺪزاده ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ از ﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎی اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺴﮑﯿﻮ، اﺛﺮ ﺧﻮد را در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺒﻪ و ﺑﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻣﯿﻨﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﮕﺎرش درآورده اﺳﺖ. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﺑﯿﻨﺎﻣﺘﻨﯿﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪﮔﯽﻫﺎ و دﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﯽﻫﺎی اﯾﻦ دو اﺛﺮ ﻣﯽﭘﺮدازد. ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ اﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﮑﺘﻮﺑﺎت ﮐﻤﺎلاﻟﺪوﻟﻪ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ اﻧﺪازه از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر، ﻣﻀﺎﻣﯿﻦ و ﺳﺒﮏ، ﺑﻪ رﻣﺎن ﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎی اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ؟ ﻫﺮ دو اﺛﺮ از ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻧﺎﻣﻪﻧﮕﺎری ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺑﺰاری ﺑﺮای ﻧﻘﺪ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﻬﺮه ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ و از زاوﯾﻪ دﯾﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖﻫﺎی ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﺑﺮای ﻧﻘﺪ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﺧﻮد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ. ﻣﻀﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮐﯽ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ اﻧﺘﻘﺎد از ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، ﻧﻘﺪ ﻧﻬﺎدﻫﺎی ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ، درﺧﻮاﺳﺖ اﺻﻼﺣﺎت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، ﻫﻮﯾﺖ، ﺣﺎﮐﻤﯿﺖ و ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ در ﻫﺮ دو اﺛﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮد. آﺧﻮﻧﺪزاده در ﻧﮕﺎرش ﻣﮑﺘﻮﺑﺎت ﮐﻤﺎلاﻟﺪوﻟﻪ، ﺿﻤﻦ وﻓﺎداری ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ اﺻﻠﯽ اﺛﺮ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺴﮑﯿﻮ، ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت را ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ و ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ اﯾﺮان ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻣﯽﺳﺎزد. ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎن ﻫﺮ دو اﺛﺮ، از ﻓﺮم ﻧﺎﻣﻪﻧﮕﺎری ﺑﺮای ﺑﯿﺎن اﯾﺪهﻫﺎی ﺧﻮد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﺮده و از زﺑﺎن اد ﺑﯽ و ﻟﺤﻦ ﻃﻨﺰآﻣﯿ ﺰ ﺑﺮ ای ﭘﯿﺸﺒﺮد ﻧﻘﺪ ﺑﻬﺮه ﻣﯽﺑﺮﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ آﺛﺎر ادﺑﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻞ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﻣﯿﺎن ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎی اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﭙﺮدازﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ اﯾﻦ دو اﺛﺮ، روﻧﺪﻫﺎی ﻓﮑﺮی و ادﺑﯽ ﺷﮑﻞﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ در زﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎی ﭘﺮﺗﻼﻃﻢ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ را روﺷﻦ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ.

an intertextual reading of akhundzadeh's maktoobat-e kamal-al-dawleh (letters of kamal al-dawla) and montesquieu's persian letters

this article explores the origins of the epistolary novel in iranian literature, with a specific focus on mirza fath-ali akhundzadeh's seminal work, maktoobat-e kamal-al-dawleh. inspired by montesquieu's renowned persian letters, akhundzadeh masterfully employed the epistolary format, weaving in themes that resonated deeply with those explored by the french enlightenment thinker. employing the framework of intertextuality, this research conducts a comprehensive analysis of the parallels and transformations that emerge between these two seminal literary works. both akhundzadeh and montesquieu employed the epistolary form as a powerful tool for incisive social critique, skillfully utilizing the perspectives of foreign narrators to scrutinize their respective societies. a spectrum of recurring themes, including sharp criticisms of political and social systems, the examination of religious institutions, impassioned calls for societal reform, and explorations of identity, governance, and the imperative of educational advancement, is meticulously analyzed across both texts. in crafting maktoobat-e kamal-al-dawleh. akhundzadeh, while remaining steadfastly committed to the core philosophical tenets of montesquieu's oeuvre, adeptly adapted the thematic material to the unique cultural and political milieu of 19th-century iran. this investigation illuminates the profound capacity of literary works to serve as conduits between disparate cultures, simultaneously fostering spaces for critical discourse and challenging established social and political paradigms. ultimately, a comparative analysis of these two literary landmarks provides invaluable insights into the intellectual currents and burgeoning literary trends that characterized a period marked by significant historical and societal upheaval.