درآمدی بر هرمنوتیک و جایگاه آن در نقد هنر‌

نظریه و نقد هرمنوتیک یکی از نظریه‌ها و نقدهای مهم هنر و ادبیات است. چند معنا بودن این واژه بیانگر انواع کاربردهایی است که از این واژه صورت گرفته و‌‌‌‌ می‌گیرد. از هرمنوتیک به‌عنوان نگرش، دانش، روش و هنر نام‌برده شده است که به درک و فهم جهان، انسان و متن می‌پردازد. متن‌ها و آثار هنری در تفاسیر مفتوح می‌شوند و هدف تفسیر و فهم آثار، وصول به معنای حقیقی آن‌ها است. هدف از این پژوهش، تاملی انتقادی و تحلیلی به آراء متفکران در مورد هرمنوتیک، نقش و جایگاه آن در تفسیر پدیده‌ها، بالاخص آثار هنری و دستیابی به مبنایی جهت رسیدن به معنای حقیقی اثر است. لذا سوال اصلی پژوهش بر محوریت هرمنوتیک و جایگاه آن در نقد هنر قرار می‌گیرد و باید به این مساله پرداخته شود که کدام یک از رویکردهای هرمنوتیک فهم نزدیک‌تری به حقیقت اثر هنری می‌گشاید. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی و تاریخی است و اطلاعات اولیه با مراجعه به منابع کتابخانه‌ای جمع‌آوری شده است. جهت بررسی آثار و اندیشه‌های متفکران هرمنوتیک تاریخچه مختصری از هرمنوتیک و انواع آن آورده ‌شده است. سپس با ذکر دوره‌های مهم تاریخ هرمنوتیک به دسته‌بندی نظریه‌پردازان آن پرداخته‌شده است. هرمنوتیک ازنظر موضوع و گونه‌های آن بررسی گردیده و با جمع‌بندی آراء نظریه‌پردازان سعی در رسیدن به مبنای مشخصی در نقد هرمنوتیک شده است. پژوهش‌ها نشان می‌دهند، هرمنوتیک به عنوان دانشی در دست‌یابی به معنی همواره نقشی مهم در تعیین معنای آثار هنری داشته و دارد. اما پرداخت صرف به هر یک از وجوه محوری آن چون مولف، مخاطب و متن، تنها بخشی از معنای اثر را آشکار می‌سازد؛ لذا علی‌رغم ادعای هرمنوتیک مدرن مفسر محور و هرمنوتیک سنتی، متن محور و مولف محور، مجموعه‌ای از شناخت و آگاهی کامل از مولف، متن و مفسر است که نقشی محوری در تعیین معنای اثر دارند.

an introduction to hermeneutics and its position in art criticism

hermeneutic theory and criticism are one of the important theories and criticisms of art and literature. the term hermeneutics or the science of interpretation and interpretation has entered the field of visual arts from the field of literature. the polysemous of this word indicates the types of uses that this word has been used for. hermeneutics is defined as an attitude, knowledge, method and art that deals with the understanding of the world, human and text. texts and works of art are open to interpretation, and the goal of interpreting and understanding works is to reach their true meaning. the science of hermeneutics was first used in the interpretation of the holy books and then entered the literary and artistic fields. from the point of view of this science, understanding and interpretation of phenomena are inseparable from each other, texts and works of art are opened in interpretations and their hidden aspects are revealed by interpretation. the purpose of interpretation is to understand the works and obtain its true meaning; therefore, achieving meaning is associated with the process of understanding.as an interpretive creature, man also tries to communicate with phenomena by understanding and interpreting them. (these phenomena can be the holy texts of the books of the prophets or books of philosophers or works of art.) but in reality, what is the ultimate goal in interpretation and hermeneutics is to achieve the true meaning of the phenomena. shapes, images, signs, social customs and in general any phenomenon that is made by nature or man are placed in the position of interpretation and understanding. for understanding the world made up of forms and colors that are constantly changing, transforming, giving birth, expanding and transforming, man gives meaning to them or he discovers their meaning. so, the act of interpretation is done with the significance of the phenomena. the meaning is hidden in the text and the work, and the interpreter is required to find the hidden meaning in the work. the works and texts guide the commentators to understand the interpretation methods.therefore, the text and artwork have always been the subject of interpretation; and man as an interpreter is always interpreting the phenomena around him; but due to the existence of different understandings in a person, there have always been multiple interpretations of a work. therefore, the important question raised here is what is the position of the text or the work of art or even the creator of the work in hermeneutic science? are the interpretations as countless as the number of people, and it is the audience of the work of art that determines the meaning of the work? or that the author or the artist is the main pillar in the interpretation and the interpretation is formed based on their thinking. can the text or artwork determine which interpretation is valid and which is not? what is the validity of these valid and invalid interpretations? is it possible to determine a certain basis for the interpretation of works of art by summarizing the opinions of different thinkers during different centuries and classifying them? therefore, the purpose of compiling this research is a critical and analytical reflection on the opinions of hermeneutic thinkers and the bases of achieving the true meaning of the work.the purpose of this research is a critical and analytical reflection on the opinions of thinkers about hermeneutics, its role and place in the interpretation of phenomena and especially works of art. therefore, firstly, the works and ideas of the first thinkers in the field of hermeneutics are investigated and a brief history of hermeneutics and its types are introduced. then, by dividing hermeneutics into two historical periods, classic and modern, the theorists have been categorized.