optical measurements and 3d-numerical of gdi spray characteristic in constant volume chamber

Improved performance and stricter regulatory requirements for combustion emissions have led to downsized gdi engines and a focus on strategies to enhance in-cylinder mixture preparation. researchers have extensively investigated the spray characteristics of fuel injectors in gdi engines due to their significant impact on subsequent combustion reactions and, consequently, engine thermal efficiency. this paper examines spray mixture formation using an experimental laser apparatus to measure spray penetration in a constant volume chamber (cvc), as well as simulations conducted using the fast response cfd converge software. the tests utilized a six-hole direct injection injector with n-heptane fuel, with measurements taken 30 this paper examines spray mixture formation using an experimental laser apparatus to measure spray penetration in a constant volume chamber (cvc), as well as simulations conducted using the fast response cfd converge software. the tests utilized a six-hole direct injection injector with n-heptane fuel, with measurements taken 30 mm downstream from the injector tip at an injection pressure of 350 barmm downstream from the injector tip at an injection pressure of 350 bar.