lagrangian simulation and experimental investigation of gasoline direct injection spray

Gasoline direct injection (gdi) technology has emerged as an effective means to enhance engine performance and mitigate pollutant emissions. high-pressure injectors offer numerous advantages in gdi engine applications, including improved fuel atomization, better air mixing, resulting in more efficient combustion, and ultimately reduced emissions. this study presents an experimental-numerical study of the spray produced by a multi-hole injector of gasoline direct injection engine. the numerical model was developed using a eulerian-lagrangian computational fluid dynamics (cfd) code and validated through experimental data obtained using schlieren and mie scattering imaging techniques. the numerical simulation utilized an eulerian-lagrangian approach with a kelvin-helmholtz breakup model and a reynolds-averaged navier-stokes (rans) turbulence framework. quantitative comparisons of jet penetration between experimental and numerical data demonstrated excellent agreement for both the liquid+vapor phase and the liquid phase alone.