a review on the application of hybrid nanoparticles in welding of industrial components

The integration of hybrid nanoparticles into welding processes has emerged as a transformative approach to enhance the mechanical properties of welded joints in industrial components. this review consolidates recent advancements in the utilization of hybrid nanoparticles, such as tio₂, sic, tic, and graphene, in various welding techniques including friction stir welding (fsw) and shielded metal arc welding (smaw). the incorporation of these nanoparticles has been shown to refine microstructures, improve tensile strength, and increase impact toughness. this paper discusses the mechanisms by which hybrid nanoparticles influence weld properties, the methods of their incorporation, and the challenges associated with their application.