mechanisms and application of nanoparticle in enhancing drilling fluid properties

Nanotechnology has revolutionized drilling fluid formulation by offering novel approaches to long-standing challenges in oil and gas operations. this review investigates the integration of nanoparticles into drilling fluids, emphasizing their role in improving drilling efficiency, wellbore stability, heat transfer, lubrication, and fluid loss control. various types of nanoparticles, such as metal oxides (e.g., al₂o₃, sio₂), carbon-based nanomaterials (e.g., graphene, carbon nanotubes), and composite structures are explored due to their high surface area, strong adsorption capacity, and enhanced thermal conductivity. these properties enable better control over rheology, improved filtration characteristics, and sealing of microfractures, thus preventing formation damage and reducing operational costs. the article categorizes nanofluids based on their composition and outlines their mechanisms of action, including the formation of thin filter cakes, modification of flow behavior, and enhancement of thermal and chemical stability. despite these benefits, challenges persist regarding nanoparticle dispersion, compatibility with conventional mud systems, scalability, environmental safety, and cost-efficiency. research on smart, biodegradable nanofluids is highlighted as a step toward more sustainable drilling practices. by synthesizing a wide range of experimental results and case studies, this review provides valuable insight for both researchers and field engineers aiming to bridge the gap between laboratory innovation and industrial application. it underlines the need for further field-scale studies and standardization efforts to ensure the safe, efficient, and economically viable deployment of nanofluid technology in drilling operations.