machining with nano-fluids in the drilling process: a comprehensive review

The drilling process is a critical machining operation in modern manufacturing, yet it faces persistent challenges such as excessive heat generation, rapid tool wear, poor surface finish, and environmental concerns associated with conventional cutting fluids. nanofluids—colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles (1–100 nm) in base fluids—have emerged as a transformative solution, offering superior thermal conductivity, lubrication, and tribological performance. this paper presents a systematic review of recent advancements in nanofluid-assisted drilling, analyzing their effects on cutting performance, tool longevity, surface integrity, and sustainability. various nanoparticles, including metallic oxides (al2o3, tio2, cu2), carbon-based materials (graphene, cnts), and hybrid composites, are evaluated for their thermophysical properties and machining benefits. additionally, this review explores nanofluid preparation methods, application techniques (flood cooling, mql, cryogenic nanofluids), and key challenges in industrial implementation. research findings demonstrate that nanofluids significantly enhance heat dissipation, reduce friction, improve surface finish, and extend tool life, making them a viable alternative to conventional cutting fluids. future research directions emphasize nanoparticle stability, cost-effective synthesis, and eco-friendly formulations to facilitate widespread adoption in industrial machining processes.