دادگاه صالح و قانون حاکم در دعاوی علیه شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی

هدف: شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی از انواع رسانه محسوب می‌شوند. منظور از رسانه، هرگونه وسیلۀ مادی یا غیر مادی در بستر کاغذی یا الکترونیکی در فضای حقیقی یا برای نشر و اعلان اطلاعات است که می‌تواند دارای مجوز یا فاقد مجوز باشد. به نظر می‌رسد اقتضای ذات هرگونه فعالیت رسانه‌ای، علنی بودن، قابلیت دسترسی و وصف اثرگذاری در مقیاس وسیع است. اهمیت این موضوع با توجه به افزایش انکارناپذیر اثرگذاری فعالیت‌های رسانه‌ای در بُعد فراملی، بسیار زیاد است. موضوع پژوهش حاضر، در کشورهای خارجی نظیر ایالات متحده آمریکا و کشورهای عضو اتحادیه اروپا سابقه بررسی دارد؛ اما در حقوق ایران، امری نوین محسوب می‌شود.روش: این مقاله با روش تحلیلی نگارش شده است. ابتدا داده‌ها از نظام‌های مختلف حقوقی جمع‌آوری شده و با نظام حقوقی ایران مقایسه و بررسی و از جنبۀ حقوقی تحلیل و تفسیر شده است؛ سپس این اطلاعات برای استفاده وارد مقاله شده است. یافته‌ها: در این مقاله مهم‌ترین یافته این است که تاکنون نظام‌های بزرگ حقوقی، مثل اتحادیه اروپا و ایالات متحده، قوانین خاصی برای صلاحیت و نحوۀ انتخاب قانون در دعاوی فراملی مجازی تصویب نکرده‌اند. رویه قضایی این کشورها نیز نشان می‌دهد که اصول تعارض صلاحیت دادگاه‌ها و تعارض قوانین در این دعاوی و دعاوی غیرمجازی، واحد است. در ایران نیز تاکنون از همین رویکرد پیروی شده است. نتیجه‌گیری: در فرض طرح دعوا علیه شرکت‌های مالک شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی، باید تفکیک قائل شد. اگر قراردادی بین زیان‌دیده و مالک شبکۀ اجتماعی وجود داشته باشد، دادگاه صالح و قانون حاکم، تابع نظام قراردادی خواهد بود؛ اما فرضی که قراردادی نباشد با توجه به اینکه اقتضای ذات فعالیت رسانه‌ای، گردش آزاد اطلاعات است، فرض محکومیت شرکت‌های مالک این شبکه‌ها، بسیار بعید به نظر می‌رسد.

jurisdiction and the applicable law in litigations against social virtual networks

virtual social networks are considered a type of media. media refer to any material or immaterial means on paper or electronic media in real space or for publishing and announcing information, which can be licensed or unlicensed. it seems that the essence of any media activity is publicity, accessibility, and the ability to have a large-scale impact. media, as a necessary and inevitable social phenomenon, can have its own legal challenges in any form. to solve these challenges, legal solutions must be sought at both legislative and judicial levels.the importance of this issue is very high, given the undeniable increase in the impact of media activities in the transnational dimension. this is because, due to the entry of a foreign element, multiple legal systems are involved in solving this problem. any legal system that is affected by transnational media activity has a claim to address that issue through its courts and laws. an area that is the subject of discussion is the principles of conflict of laws and conflict of courts. virtual social networks are considered one of the types of media and can be examined from the perspective of media law and its considerations. an important point in this regard is the impossibility of determining the concept of borders and, consequently, cross-border activity in the context of virtual social media. because borders in their physical and classical sense do not make sense in cyberspace, and crossing borders is not a material phenomenon. in addition, the method of cross-border activity is examined in terms of impact rather than being justified in terms of the place of occurrence of the act.although the subject of the present study has a history of study in foreign countries such as the united states of america and european union member states, it is considered a new matter in iranian law. perhaps the reason for the long history of discussion in the mentioned countries is that the use of virtual social networks has a longer history in their countries and is considered a relatively new matter in the iranian legal system. on the other hand, the issue of filtering and perhaps the lack of recognition of the aforementioned networks at different times in iranian law has caused the legal challenges arising from these communications to be hidden and perhaps the legal solutions to them to be blurred. although in iran, a court of law entitled culture and media has been allocated in proportion to the subject matter of these challenges, there is no accessible judicial practice from the opinions of the courts that have examined the decisions issued in this court. also, in civil lawsuits that are directly filed in the courts, reliable judicial practice has not been produced. the electronic commerce law approved in 2003 attempted to identify electronic platforms and their rights and duties, but it does not provide a solution regarding the vitality and the extensive ability to announce information through the aforementioned platforms. perhaps at the time that the law was approved, the legal challenges arising from virtual social networks had not yet emerged. in addition, the computer crimes law approved in 2009 has created a suitable platform for criminally dealing with those activities that are criminal and are committed through computers. the islamic penal code approved in 2013, considering the punishment for legal entities and the possibility of attributing the crime in some cases to the managers of the legal entity, can be used in this regard.