حکمرانی وقف و تولید فضاهای شهری در کرمانشاه

این مقاله به نسبت نظم سیاسی، حکمرانی وقف و تولید فضای شهری در شهر کرمانشاه پرداخته است و برای پاسخ به اینکه چرا در دوران مختلف، حکمرانی وقف به شیوه‌های متفاوتی در تولید فضای شهری کرمانشاه نقش داشته و ازنظریۀ تولید فضای لوفور و مفهوم نظم سیاسی گرستل و روش تاریخی پسروندی - پیشروندی لوفور بهره برده است. نتایج نشان دادند سازوکار کارکردی وقف متاثر از نظم سیاسی حاکم بر هر دورۀ تاریخی بوده است. نظم سیاسی حاکم بر وقف در دوران پیش از دولت مدرن، دینی بوده که به‌ موجب آن به‌مثابۀ موقعیتی نهادی در متابولیسم اقتصادی شهر، نقشی محوری داشته است. در دوران پهلوی، رقبات در قرابتی انتخابی با سیاستگذاری توسعۀ ناسیونالیستی در معرض افزایش جمعیت شهری، تبدیل به فضاهای شهری حاشیه‌نشین‌شده شدند. پس از انقلاب، با وجود تلاش‌ برای احیای نقش نهادی وقف، کارکرد خیریه‌ای وقف بیش از بازتوزیع ثروت اهمیت پیدا کرد و وقف در دوران پس از انقلاب نقش چشمگیری در تولید فضای شهری در کرمانشاه بازی نکرده است.

endowment (waqf) governance and production of urban spaces in kermanshah

introductionthe expansion of urbanization in kermanshah and the issue of endowment as phenomena that can partially clarify the different experiences of kermanshah in its development is an issue that has not been discussed so far. endowment has had important characteristics and functions, the most important of which are: not being class-based, creating a sense of social solidarity and even in moments of history, being a mechanism to realize social justice and participating in the social security system, and poverty alleviation. the production of urban space in the city of kermanshah is at least influenced by two historical factors, one of which is rooted in the religious political economy and the other in the modern capitalist political economy. this article is going to discuss the role the endowment institution has played in the production of modern urban spaces in kermanshah.  methodologytheoretically, lefebvre’s theory of space production has been used, emphasizing the moment of spatial representations, as well as gertsel’s theory of political order. in terms of methodology, this research is affected by the dialectic of regressive-progressive: the point of view adopted here may be described as regressive-progressive. this method places the facts of the present as the starting point. this means that referring to anything in the past is rooted in the issues of the present. looking from the point of view of the present causes a search in the past. it is what determines at which moment in history the researcher should search for the origin. this attitude is also a kind of genealogy. findingsin the pre-constitutional political order, the endowment governance was in crisis only when the governments used the endowment revenues to gain territory. otherwise, an agreement between the institution of religion and the patriarchal system was gradually made regarding its governance, and it was generally governed in a bureaucratic manner. although it was not always the institution of religion or specifically the class of scholars and ulama who only benefited from its income or its supervision, they were involved in the endowment institution in different ways (shafaghi, 2016). this crisis entered a new stage with reza shah’s modernization approach.reza shah’s official nationalism was largely based on the manipulation of this patriotism and a program of cultural assimilation and coercive linguistic unification (matin, 2013: 85). the nationalist order predominance in the political system of the pahlavi era changed the governance of endowment. these developments became actual with modernization. urbanization based on infrastructure construction for capital circulation, so that urban spaces should be produced in such a way that new consumer goods could be traded, was generally the central core of the nationalist order of this era. nationalistic assimilation and identification were in line with the same standardization that capitalism needed for its globalization. kermanshah was also not immune from these developments. the end of this order had unintended consequences that were inseparable from the evolution of the endowment governance in this city. reza shah did this to enrich the royal family and consequently the power of his central government. he declared that many estates and lands in the most fertile areas of the country belong to the state or are monarchical.