نظریه‌ها و شواهد تخلیه انگیزشی در مشارکت امر خیر: به سوی یک نظریه اسلامی

انسان‌ها نه صرفاً براساس منفعت‌طلبی صرف، بیشتر تحت تاثیر انگیزه‌های درونی، مانند نوع‌دوستی، در امر خیر مشارکت می‌کنند. این انگیزه‌ها می‌تواند با هم در تعارض (همراهی) قرار بگیرند و موجب تخلیه (تراکم) انگیزشی شوند. در این مقاله با استفاده از روش مطالعات تطبیقی و چندرشته‌ای، ابتدا انسان‌شناسی اقدام به امر خیر، ارائه و سپس با استفاده از تحلیل عقلی نتایج آن استخراج می‌شوند. بر این اساس، به کمک نظریه حرکت جوهری اشتدادی نفس ملاصدرا و نظریه فطرت شهید مطهری و نیم‌نگاهی به روایات و یافته‌های اقتصاد رفتاری، پنج مرتبه از دانی به عالی شامل غرائز نباتی، حیوانی و انسانی و فطرت انسانی و الهی در انسان پیشنهاد می‌شود. سعادت مراتب غریزی توسط لذت و سعادت مراتب فطری به‌وسیلۀ عقل تشخیص داده می‌شود. طبق نظریه ملاصدرا با استکمال نفس و رسیدن به مراتب بالاتر، دادن حظ هر مرتبه درنهایت، موجب بهره‌بردن مراتب پایین‌تر و در عین حال، عدم استکمال مراتب بالاتر می‌شود. پدیده تخلیه انگیزشی زمانی رخ می‌دهد که مرتبه‌ای از نفس فرد تحریک شود که پایین‌تر از مرتبه به فعلیت رسیده وی است.

theories and evidence of extrinsic motivational crowding out in charitable giving: towards an islamic theory

introductionaccording to the standard economic theory, participation of individuals in charitable activities is low, because this participation is usually used to compensate for market failure, which is precisely due to the self-interest of the economic man. however, field and experimental evidence show a high level of participation of individuals in the third economic sector. the conflict between the traditional economic theory and observations has led to the modification of the self-interest assumption in behavioral economics and the recognition of intrinsic motivations in humans, such as fairness, reciprocity, and altruism, which are opposed to the traditional economic motivations, namely material rewards and punishments, known as extrinsic motivations. in some situations, both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations coexist, and increasing material rewards can have a reverse effect and cause crowding out of intrinsic motivation (frey, 1997). many experiments have been conducted in various disciplines such as economics and psychology and various theories have been proposed to explain intrinsic and extrinsic motivations. these theories aim to understand the nature of the interaction of these two motivations on each other to make correct policies and reduce the financial burden of the government. the phenomenon of motivational crowding out is also addressed in islamic teachings, especially ethical issues without naming it, because in islamic teachings there are multiple motivations in at least two general categories: divine and non-divine, and crowding out occurs when a good-looking activity is done with a non-divine motive (riya). what highlight the importance of developing an islamic theory, in addition to the importance of motivation in islam itself, are (1) the difference between the definition of human in islamic teachings and social sciences, and (2) the difference in the goal of attracting charitable contributions, because in islam the main purpose of the donation is firstly to purify the donor (surah al-tawbah /103) and then to help the needy. any proposed theory on motivational crowding out in charitable giving should take place in two related steps: first identifying and classifying different types of motivations for participating in charity and then determining their types of interactions, i.e. crowding in or crowding out. accordingly, this paper aims to fill part of this important research gap with the help of transcendental theosophy to identify the motivations of charitable giving and provide a model for their effect on each other. research methodologyusing comparative and multidisciplinary studies (including behavioral economics, related hadiths, anthropological findings, aristotelian philosophy, and transcendental theosophy), the anthropology of charitable giving is presented and then its results are extracted using rational analysis. based on this, this article with the help of mulla sadra’s theory of substantial motion of the soul and the theory of nature of martyr motahari and a glance at related hadiths and findings of behavioral economics, proposes five levels of the soul from low to high including vegetable, animal and human instincts and angelic and divine nature in human.research findingstypes of motivations in charitable giving in islamic thoughts are (1) life instinct (the lowest level): the tendency to preserve life such as reproduction, growth, and nutrition. (2) animal instincts: the most important manifestation of this instinct in economics is self-interest, according to which the individual helps others if he or she gets more help. this is the character of the neoclassical economic man. (3) human instincts: motivations such as fairness, reciprocity, and altruism. (4) angelic nature: motivations of achieving future rewards and pleasures or avoiding future punishments (related to the world of the hereafter) come into play.