seminal plasma biochemical markers and microbial infections: diagnostic and pathophysiological insights into male infertility

Male infertility is a multifactorial condition, with an increasing body of evidence highlighting the pivotal role of seminal plasma biochemical markers and microbial infections in its pathogenesis and diagnosis. seminal plasma, a complex fluid enriched with proteins, enzymes, antioxidants, and metabolites, reflects the functional status of the male reproductive tract. alterations in its biochemical composition such as decreased antioxidant capacity, disrupted energy metabolism, and elevated inflammatory mediators, are frequently associated with impaired sperm function. concurrently, microbial infections, including those caused by chlamydia trachomatis and escherichia coli, can adversely affect seminal parameters through direct sperm damage, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. emerging evidence suggests intricate interactions between infections and biochemical milieu in seminal plasma, which may exacerbate sperm dysfunction and compromise fertility. this review synthesizes current knowledge on key seminal plasma biomarkers and their diagnostic utility, and elucidates the pathophysiological mechanisms linking microbial infections to male infertility. understanding these interconnected pathways offers novel insights into male reproductive health and may facilitate the development of more targeted diagnostic and treatment strategies in the context of infertility.