cerium oxide nanoparticles attenuate diabetic nephropathy in rats by reducing oxidative stress, improving dyslipidemia, and modulating pkm2 and kim-1

Objectives: oxidative stress and inflammation play important role in pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy (dn). nanoparticles, including cerium oxide nanoparticles (ceo2nps) which reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, are increasingly used in treatment of the diseases. therefore, this study aims to assess the preventive potential of ceo2nps' in a dn animal model by examining their effects on glucose, lipids, oxidative stress, and kidney damage markers.methods: diabetes was induced in rats using streptozocin (stz). rats were divided into normal control (n-cnt), diabetic control (d-cnt), and ceo2nps-treated groups (d-ceo2, 60 mg/kg). fasting blood glucose (fbg) levels were measured at baseline and day 35. also serum lipid profiles, including tc, tg, hdl-c, and ldl-c, were assessed. in kidney tissue, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes (sod, cat, gpx), the levels of malondialdehyde (mda), total antioxidant capacity (tac), and mrna expression of pyruvate kinase m2 (pkm2) and kidney injury molecule-1 (kim-1) were determined.results: ceo2nps treatment in d-ceo2nps rats significantly reduced fbg and improved the lipid profile (decreased tc, tg, ldl-c; increased hdl-c, p<0.05). ceo2nps also attenuated oxidative stress (increased sod, cat, gpx, tac; reduced mda, p<0.05) and downregulated pkm2 and kim-1 mrna expression (p<0.05) compared to d-cnt rats.conclusions: ceo2nps demonstrate protective effects against dn in this rat model through ameliorating hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress, and modulating the expression of renal injury markers. these findings suggest that ceo2nps may have therapeutic potential for dn, warranting further investigation into their mechanisms and clinical applicability.